問 1
If I （ ） harder, I would have easily passed the entrance exam on my first attempt last year.
- studied
- had been studying
- would study
- had studied
If + S + had + pp, S + would have + pp (仮定法過去完了)
If + had pp → would have pp = 過去の事実に反する仮定。「もし〜していたら…していたのに」。
「had studied」
正解"If I ~ harder, I would have passed the exam last year" は過去の事実 (勉強しなかった) に反する仮定 = 仮定法過去完了。形: If + S + had + pp, S + would/could/might have + pp。ポイント: 過去の後悔・もう取り戻せない仮想 = 仮定法過去完了 (Type 3)。2級頻出: 仮定法過去完了は B2 の核、reading/listening/writing 全 part 必出。
「studied」
= 過去形 ━ 仮定法過去 (現在反事実) ━ 過去の事実反対には had pp、単なる過去形は不可。
「would study」
= would + 原形 ━ 帰結節形を if 節に入れている ━ if 節は had pp、帰結節は would have pp。
「had been studying」
= 過去完了進行形 ━ 状態的なら過去完了で十分 ━ study の習慣は単純 had pp が普通、進行形は特殊状況のみ。
| 形 | マーカー | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| If I/he/she/it/we + had + pp | 全人称同じ had + pp | If I had studied / If she had known |
| 帰結節: would have + pp | 「〜していたのに」 | I would have passed |
| 帰結節: could have + pp | 「〜できたのに」 | I could have helped |
| 帰結節: might have + pp | 「〜だったかもしれない」 | I might have won |
| 文型 | 形 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| 基本 | If + had pp, would have pp | If I had known, I would have come. |
| 能力 | If + had pp, could have pp | If she had studied, she could have passed. |
| 可能性 | If + had pp, might have pp | If we had left early, we might have caught it. |
If I had studied much harder for the exam, I would have easily passed it on my very first attempt last year.
もしもっと熱心に試験勉強していたら、去年最初の挑戦で楽に合格していたのに。
If you had told me about the surprise party much earlier, I would have prepared a much better gift for everyone.
サプライズパーティーについてもっと早く教えてくれていたら、全員にもっと良い贈り物を準備していたのに。
If she had taken the very early morning train, she could have easily attended the important business meeting in Osaka on time.
もし非常に早い朝の電車に乗っていたら、大阪での重要な商談に楽に時間通り出席できたのに。
If we had left our home thirty minutes earlier this morning, we might have completely avoided the heavy traffic on the highway.
今朝家を30分早く出ていたら、高速道路の渋滞を完全に避けられたかもしれない。
If my older brother had practiced the piano more regularly during his childhood, he would have become a truly excellent professional musician.
もし兄が子供時代にもっと定期的にピアノを練習していたら、本当に優秀なプロの音楽家になっていたのに。
- 仮定法過去完了 の核 (2級 必出)
★ If + had pp = 過去反事実 ★ would/could/might have pp = 帰結節 ━ 全て「過去のもう取り戻せない後悔」
- vs 仮定法過去
★ If + 過去形 → would 原形 = 現在反事実 (batch 1) ★ If + had pp → would have pp = 過去反事実 ━ 時間軸で形が変わる
- 鉄板ミス防止
★ ✗ If + would have ★ ◯ If + had pp