EigoPro 2級 文法 — Inversion

倒置: Never + 倒置 / Hardly / Scarcely + had + S + pp + when / No sooner + had + S + pp + than / Little did + S + 知る/想像する / Seldom / Rarely + 倒置 / Only after + S + V + 倒置 / Not until + S + V + 倒置 / So + 形容詞/副詞 + 倒置 / Such + 名詞 + that / Were + S + ~ / Had + S + pp / Should + S + 原形 / 場所副詞倒置 / Neither / Nor + 倒置 / Not only ~ but also ━ CEFR B2

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この単元の問題を3問、解説つきで公開しています

2級 · 文法 · 全15

1

Never ( ) such an absolutely beautiful incredible sunset in my entire long peaceful life ━ the sky was filled with amazing vibrant colors.

  • have I seen
  • did I see
  • I saw
  • I have seen
Pattern

Never + 倒置 (Never have I + pp)

2級文法倒置否定副詞
ひとことで

Never + have/has/had + S + pp = 「決して〜したことがない」、文頭の Never で倒置。

選択肢の解説Choice Analysis

have I seen

正解

"Never ~ such an absolutely beautiful incredible sunset in my entire long peaceful life" は文頭否定副詞 = 「have I seen」: Never + 助動詞 + S + 過去分詞 = 否定副詞文頭の倒置。ポイント: 文頭の否定副詞 (Never / Hardly / Scarcely / No sooner / Little / Seldom / Rarely) は倒置を引き起こす。2級頻出: 文頭否定倒置は B2 鉄板、formal writing で必出。

  • I have seen

    = 通常語順 ━ Never 文頭は倒置必須 ━ Never が文頭なら倒置 (助動詞 + S)。

  • did I see

    = did + 原形 ━ 完了形ではなく単純過去 ━ 経験には完了形、Never + have/has S + pp。

  • I saw

    = 通常語順 ━ 倒置不成立 ━ Never 文頭は倒置必須、I saw は不可。

活用 (主語別 / 時制別)
マーカー
Never + have/has + S + pp現在完了経験Never have I seen
Never + had + S + pp過去完了Never had I seen
Never + did + S + 原形過去 (稀)Never did I think
vs 通常語順S + have + never + ppI have never seen
文型バリエーション
文型
経験否定 (現在完了)Never + have + S + ppNever have I seen such beauty.
過去経験否定Never + had + S + ppNever had I felt so happy.
過去動作否定Never + did + S + 原形Never did I imagine this.
例文
  • Never have I seen such an absolutely beautiful incredible sunset in my entire long peaceful life ━ the sky was filled with the most amazing vibrant colors imaginable.

    私の長く平和な人生全体で、このように絶対的に美しく信じられない夕日を見たことは決してない ━ 空は想像できる最も素晴らしい鮮やかな色で満たされていた。

  • Never had my dedicated older sister worked so very hard on any single project before she finally completed her landmark master's thesis last spring.

    姉が春にようやく画期的な修士論文を完成させる前に、献身的な姉はそれまでどのプロジェクトでもこれほど非常に懸命に働いたことは決してなかった。

  • Never did I imagine that my very ambitious quiet small startup company would actually become one of the largest most successful international firms in Asia within just ten short years.

    非常に野心的だが静かな小さな会社がたった10年の短い期間でアジアで最大かつ最も成功した国際企業の一つに実際なるとは決して想像しなかった。

  • Never have my elderly grandparents traveled outside of beautiful Japan in their entire long peaceful lives together, but they are seriously planning their very first international trip next year.

    高齢の祖父母は一緒の長く平和な人生全体で美しい日本の外を旅行したことが決してないが、来年初めての国際旅行を真剣に計画している。

  • Never has the entire team faced such an extremely difficult challenging deadline as the one we are unfortunately facing right now with this very important new product launch.

    全チームは現在この非常に重要な新製品発売で残念ながら直面しているような、極めて困難で挑戦的な締切に直面したことが決してない。

💡Tip · 覚えるコツ
  • Never 倒置 (2級 鉄板)

    ★ Never + 助動詞 + S + pp/原形 = 否定強調 ★ Never have I seen / Never had I felt / Never did I imagine ━ 強調のため文頭倒置、emphatic

  • vs 通常語順

    ★ I have never seen (通常) vs Never have I seen (倒置・強調) ━ 同じ意味、formality が違う。本試験 writing: 強調・印象的表現で頻出、formal essay の cap stone

2

( ) arrived at the very busy crowded train station yesterday evening when the express train suddenly started moving away from the platform without me.

  • Hardly I had
  • I hardly had
  • Hardly did I
  • Hardly had I
Pattern

Hardly / Scarcely + had + S + pp + when (〜するやいなや)

2級文法倒置〜するやいなや
ひとことで

Hardly/Scarcely had S pp when S 過去形 = 「〜するやいなや」、過去完了倒置 + when。

選択肢の解説Choice Analysis

Hardly had I

正解

"~ arrived at the busy train station when the express train suddenly started moving away from the platform" は瞬間 = 「Hardly had I」: Hardly/Scarcely + had + S + pp + when + S + 過去形 = 「〜するやいなや」。ポイント: hardly / scarcely 文頭で過去完了倒置、when 節は単純過去。2級頻出: 〜するやいなや の formal 表現は B2 鉄板。

  • I hardly had

    = 倒置不成立 ━ 文頭 hardly は倒置 ━ Hardly 文頭は倒置必須。

  • Hardly I had

    = S が助動詞の前 ━ 語順誤り ━ 倒置は助動詞 + S、S は助動詞の後。

  • Hardly did I

    = did + 原形 ━ 過去完了ではない ━ 「〜するやいなや」は had + pp、did は単純過去。

活用 (主語別 / 時制別)
マーカー
Hardly + had + S + pp + when「〜するやいなや」Hardly had I arrived when ~
Scarcely + had + S + pp + when同義Scarcely had I sat when ~
No sooner + had + S + pp + than同義 (than と組む)No sooner had I left than ~
vs As soon as + 過去 (口語)口語形As soon as I arrived, ~
文型バリエーション
文型
Hardly + whenHardly + had + S + pp + when + 過去Hardly had I arrived when it started.
Scarcely + whenScarcely + had + S + pp + when + 過去Scarcely had we sat when the bell rang.
No sooner + thanNo sooner + had + S + pp + than + 過去No sooner had I left than it rained.
例文
  • Hardly had I arrived at the very busy crowded train station yesterday evening when the express train suddenly started moving away from the platform without me.

    昨夕、非常に忙しく混雑した駅に到着するやいなや、特急電車は私を置いて突然プラットフォームから動き始めた。

  • Scarcely had we comfortably sat down in our reserved seats at the famous restaurant when the loud unexpected fire alarm suddenly started ringing throughout the entire building.

    有名なレストランで予約席に快適に座るやいなや、大きく予期しない火災警報が建物全体に突然鳴り始めた。

  • Hardly had my exhausted older sister finished writing her very long important master's thesis last March when she immediately received three excellent job offers from prestigious international companies.

    疲れ切った姉が3月に非常に長く重要な修士論文を書き終えるやいなや、彼女はすぐに名門国際企業から3つの素晴らしい就職オファーを受けた。

  • Scarcely had the heavy rain started falling early this morning when my children eagerly grabbed their colorful waterproof raincoats and excitedly ran out to play happily in the puddles.

    今朝早く大雨が降り始めるやいなや、子供たちはカラフルな防水レインコートを熱心に掴み、水たまりで幸せに遊ぶため興奮して飛び出した。

  • Hardly had the famous popular movie star walked into the small quiet cafe in Tokyo when dozens of his very excited surprised fans immediately surrounded him asking for autographs.

    有名な人気映画スターが東京の小さく静かなカフェに入るやいなや、非常に興奮した驚いたファンが何十人もすぐサインを求めて彼を取り囲んだ。

💡Tip · 覚えるコツ
  • Hardly / Scarcely 倒置 (2級 鉄板)

    ★ Hardly/Scarcely + had + S + pp + when + S + 過去 = 〜するやいなや ★ formal、書き言葉 ━ 過去完了 + when 組み合わせ必須

  • vs No sooner ~ than

    ★ Hardly + when ★ Scarcely + when ★ No sooner + than ━ 接続詞が when / than で異なる!本試験 reading: narrative の瞬間描写で頻出、認識必須

3

No sooner had I happily entered the small cozy cafe near the train station ( ) I unexpectedly met my old childhood best friend from elementary school.

  • after
  • than
  • when
  • before
Pattern

No sooner + had + S + pp + than (〜するやいなや)

2級文法倒置No sooner
ひとことで

No sooner had S pp than S 過去形 = 「〜するやいなや」、Hardly と同義、than と組む。

選択肢の解説Choice Analysis

than

正解

"No sooner had I happily entered the small cafe ~ I unexpectedly met my old childhood friend from elementary school" は = 「than」: No sooner + had + S + pp + than + S + 過去形 = 「〜するやいなや」(Hardly + when と同義)。ポイント: No sooner は than と組む、Hardly/Scarcely は when と組む。2級必出: No sooner ~ than の組み合わせは B2 鉄板問題。

  • when

    = Hardly/Scarcely 用 ━ No sooner には than ━ No sooner は than、Hardly は when。

  • after

    = 順序の after ━ 慣用句不一致 ━ 慣用句は No sooner + than 固定。

  • before

    = 「〜の前に」 ━ 意味不一致 ━ 「〜するやいなや」は than。

活用 (主語別 / 時制別)
マーカー
No sooner + had + S + pp + than「〜するやいなや」No sooner had I left than ~
Hardly + had + S + pp + when同義 (when と組む)Hardly had I left when ~
As soon as + S + V (口語)口語形As soon as I left, ~
vs The moment + S + V「〜した瞬間」The moment I left, ~
文型バリエーション
文型
No sooner + thanNo sooner + had + S + pp + than + 過去No sooner had I left than it rained.
Hardly + when (比較)Hardly + had + S + pp + when + 過去Hardly had I left when it rained.
As soon as (口語)As soon as + 過去, 過去As soon as I left, it rained.
例文
  • No sooner had I happily entered the small cozy cafe near the train station than I unexpectedly met my old childhood best friend from elementary school many years ago.

    駅近くの小さく居心地の良いカフェに幸せに入るやいなや、私は何年も前の小学校時代の古い親友に予期せず会った。

  • No sooner had my exhausted older brother finally fallen deeply asleep on the comfortable old couch than the loud ringing telephone in the hallway suddenly woke him up immediately.

    疲れ切った兄が快適な古いソファでようやく深く眠るやいなや、廊下の大きく鳴る電話が彼をすぐに目覚めさせた。

  • No sooner had the very long heavy rain finally stopped completely this morning than my excited young children immediately ran outside happily to play together in all the muddy puddles.

    今朝、非常に長く重い雨がついに完全に止むやいなや、興奮した幼い子供たちは泥水たまりで一緒に楽しく遊ぶためすぐに外に走り出た。

  • No sooner had the famous popular singer finished her absolutely amazing final song than the entire enthusiastic huge audience immediately stood up to wildly applaud her wonderful performance.

    有名な人気歌手が絶対的に素晴らしい最後の歌を終えるやいなや、熱狂的な大観客全員が彼女の素晴らしい公演を熱狂的に拍手するためすぐに立ち上がった。

  • No sooner had we finished carefully eating our delicious lunch at the small mountain restaurant than the very heavy unexpected snow suddenly started falling outside the windows.

    山の小さなレストランで美味しい昼食を慎重に食べ終えるやいなや、非常に重く予期しない雪が窓の外で突然降り始めた。

💡Tip · 覚えるコツ
  • No sooner ~ than (2級 鉄板)

    ★ No sooner + had + S + pp + than + S + 過去 = 〜するやいなや ★ than と組むのが鉄則 (when と組まない!) ━ 鉄板ミス防止

  • vs Hardly/Scarcely ~ when

    ★ No sooner + than (より formal) ★ Hardly + when (より口語) ━ ほぼ同義、組み合わせの接続詞が違う。本試験 reading: 突然の出来事連鎖で必出、reading 速度向上のため即認識

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