問 1
If she had accepted that scholarship a decade ago, she （ ） a tenured professor by now, not a struggling freelancer.
- ✗will be
- ○would be
- ✗would have been
- ✗had been
Mixed conditional (past condition → present result)
📐1級●文法●仮定法●混合仮定法
過去の if 節 + 現在の帰結は条件節を過去完了、帰結節を would + 原形にする。
✓過去の事実に反する条件 (If she had accepted) が現在の状態 (by now) に影響する混合仮定法。条件節は仮定法過去完了 had accepted、帰結節は時制をずらさず would + 原形 be とするのが鉄則。by now / today / still など現在を指す副詞が帰結節の時制決定の決め手になる。
- ✗
「would have been」
= would have + pp の通常型3 ━ 帰結が by now という現在を指すため、過去の帰結 would have been では時間軸が合わない。
- ✗
「had been」
= 仮定法過去完了の帰結誤用 ━ 帰結節に if 節と同じ過去完了を置くと混合の意味が崩れ、二重の過去になる。
- ✗
「will be」
= 直説法未来 ━ if 節が had accepted で非現実を示すため、直説法 will be とは整合しない。
·
▦活用 (主語別 / 時制別)
| 形 | マーカー | 例 |
|---|
| 条件節 (過去非現実) | had + pp | If she had accepted |
| 帰結節 (現在結果) | would + 原形 | she would be ... by now |
| 帰結節 (能力) | could + 原形 | she could afford it now |
| 帰結節 (推量緩和) | might + 原形 | she might be happier today |
▦文型バリエーション
| 文型 | 形 | 例 |
|---|
| 過去条件→現在結果 | If + S had pp, S would 原形 (now) | If I had studied, I would know it now |
| 現在条件→過去結果 | If + S 過去形, S would have pp | If he were careful, he wouldn't have failed |
| 混合 + 倒置 | Had + S pp, S would 原形 | Had I saved, I would be rich now |
❝例文
1If they had invested earlier, they would own the company outright today.
もっと早く投資していれば、今頃その会社を完全に所有しているだろう。
2If I hadn't quit the team, I would still be playing professionally.
チームを辞めていなければ、今もプロでプレーしていただろう。
3Had the council approved the plan, the bridge would already be open.
議会が計画を承認していれば、その橋はもう開通しているだろう。
4If she had been born in the capital, her accent would be quite different now.
彼女が首都で生まれていたら、今頃まったく違う訛りだろう。
5If we hadn't missed that flight, we would be home by now.
あの便を逃していなければ、今頃は家に着いているだろう。
·
C2 の頻出ひっかけは帰結節に would have been を反射的に置かせる罠。by now / today / still など現在指標があれば帰結は would + 原形。逆に現在条件→過去結果の逆混合 (If he were honest, he would have told us) も問われるので、副詞句で時間軸を見極めること。
問 2
If he weren't so reckless by nature, he （ ） that fortune in a single night last year.
- ✗wouldn't lose
- ✗hadn't lost
- ✗wouldn't have been losing
- ○wouldn't have lost
Mixed conditional (present condition → past result)
📐1級●文法●仮定法●逆混合仮定法
恒常的性質の if 節 + 過去の帰結は条件節を仮定法過去、帰結節を would have + pp にする。
✓if 節 weren't は恒常的な性質 (今もそう) を示す仮定法過去、帰結は last year という過去の結果なので would have + pp となる逆混合型。性格・能力など時間を超えた状態が過去の出来事を引き起こした論理を表す。条件節と帰結節の時間軸が逆転している点が C2 の核心。
- ✗
「wouldn't lose」
= would + 原形 (現在結果) ━ 帰結が last year で過去を指すため、現在結果の would lose では合わない。
- ✗
「hadn't lost」
= 直説法/仮定法過去完了の混同 ━ 条件節が weren't (現在性質) なので、帰結を過去完了直説法的に置くのは非整合。
- ✗
「wouldn't have been losing」
= would have been V-ing 進行完了の過剰 ━ 一夜の単発の出来事に完了進行を使うと相が不自然。
·
▦活用 (主語別 / 時制別)
| 形 | マーカー | 例 |
|---|
| 条件節 (現在性質) | were/原形過去 | If he weren't reckless |
| 帰結節 (過去結果) | would have + pp | he wouldn't have lost |
| 帰結節 (過去の可能性) | could have + pp | he could have kept it |
| 帰結節 (過去の推量) | might have + pp | he might have invested wisely |
▦文型バリエーション
| 文型 | 形 | 例 |
|---|
| 性質→過去結果 | If + S 過去形, S would have pp | If I knew French, I would have helped |
| 否定の性質→過去 | If + S weren't ..., S wouldn't have pp | If she weren't shy, she would have spoken |
| 倒置形 | Were + S ..., S would have pp | Were he wiser, he would have refused |
❝例文
1If I weren't afraid of heights, I would have joined the climbing trip last summer.
高所恐怖症でなければ、去年の夏の登山旅行に参加していただろう。
2If she didn't trust him so blindly, she wouldn't have signed that contract.
彼をそこまで盲信していなければ、あの契約に署名しなかっただろう。
3If they weren't such poor planners, the event wouldn't have collapsed.
彼らがそこまで計画下手でなければ、イベントは破綻しなかっただろう。
4If he understood the law, he would never have made that claim.
彼が法律を理解していたら、あんな主張は決してしなかっただろう。
5Were I a more patient person, I would have stayed in that job longer.
もっと忍耐強い人間なら、あの仕事をもっと長く続けていただろう。
·
標準混合 (過去条件→現在結果) と方向が逆なので時間副詞が決定打。if 節が by nature / always など恒常性、帰結に last year / yesterday があれば would have + pp。倒置 Were he ... も併せて狙われる。
問 3
Looking back on his squandered youth, the old man wished he （ ） more attention to his mentors' advice.
- ✗had been paying
- ○had paid
- ✗paid
- ✗would pay
wish + past perfect (regret about the past)
📐1級●文法●仮定法●wish 構文
過去への後悔は wish + 過去完了で表し、wished の過去形に引きずられない。
✓wish が過去への後悔を表すとき、that 節は仮定法過去完了 had + pp を用いる。主節が wished と過去形でも時制の一致で paid にはせず、後悔の対象が wish の時点よりさらに前であれば一段下げて had paid とする。Looking back という回顧の文脈が過去完了を要求する。
- ✗
「paid」
= 過去形 (単純後悔の誤り) ━ wish の後悔は仮定法過去完了が必須で、直説法過去 paid では非現実性が出ない。
- ✗
「would pay」
= wish + would (未来の願望) ━ would pay は相手の意志や未来への不満を表し、過去の後悔には不適。
- ✗
「had been paying」
= 過去完了進行の過剰 ━ attention を pay する行為に進行相は不自然で、状態的後悔には完了形が適切。
·
▦活用 (主語別 / 時制別)
| 形 | マーカー | 例 |
|---|
| 現在の願望 | wish + 過去形 | I wish I knew |
| 過去への後悔 | wish + had pp | I wish I had known |
| 他者への不満 | wish + would 原形 | I wish he would stop |
| 主節過去 + 過去後悔 | wished + had pp | he wished he had paid |
▦文型バリエーション
| 文型 | 形 | 例 |
|---|
| 過去の後悔 | S wish(ed) S had pp | I wish I had studied |
| 否定の後悔 | S wish S hadn't pp | I wish I hadn't said that |
| 強調 if only | If only S had pp | If only I had listened |
❝例文
1She wishes she had never trusted that smooth
talking salesman. — あの口の達者なセールスマンを信用しなければよかったと彼女は思っている。
2I wish I had taken the job in Berlin when it was offered.
ベルリンの仕事を打診されたとき、引き受けていればよかった。
3He wished he had apologised before it was too late.
手遅れになる前に謝っておけばよかったと彼は悔やんだ。
4They wish they had saved more during the boom years.
好景気の間にもっと貯蓄しておけばと彼らは思っている。
5We wish we hadn't dismissed her warnings so casually.
彼女の警告をあんなに軽く退けなければよかった。
·
C2 の罠は主節 wished に引かれて that 節を過去形にすること。後悔の内容が wish 時点より前なら必ず had + pp。wish + would は人の習慣・未来への不満専用で、自分自身の過去には使えない (×I wish I would have)。