問 1
If she had accepted the position in Geneva last spring, she （ ） here with us now, debating budget cuts.
- ✗wouldn't have been sitting
- ○wouldn't be sitting
- ✗hadn't been sitting
- ✗wouldn't sit
Pattern: Mixed conditional past condition → present result
/If + had pp, ... would + base/📐1級●文法●文法●条件法応用●混合条件
過去の非現実条件が現在の結果を導くときは if節=過去完了、主節=would + 動詞原形。
✓混合条件 (mixed conditional) のうち「過去の仮定 → 現在の帰結」型で、if節は過去完了 (had accepted)、主節は would + 動詞原形 をとる。ここでは now という現在の時間副詞が帰結の時制を固定するため、過去帰結の would have been ではなく現在帰結の would be が要求される。進行相 (be sitting) は「今まさに座っている」状況を否定するために用いられている。
- ✗
「wouldn't have been sitting」
= ～座っていなかっただろう (過去帰結) ━ if節は過去完了だが主節に now があり帰結は現在。過去完了帰結 (would have been) では now と時制が矛盾する。
- ✗
「hadn't been sitting」
= ～座っていなかった (過去完了) ━ 主節に if節と同じ過去完了を置くのは誤り。帰結は仮定法の would を伴う必要がある。
- ✗
「wouldn't sit」
= ～座らないだろう (単純条件帰結) ━ 進行中の現状を否定する文脈では進行形 be sitting が自然。単純形では「習慣的に座らない」の含意になり場面に合わない。
·
▦活用 (主語別 / 時制別)
| 形 | マーカー | 例 |
|---|
| if節 (過去条件) | had + 過去分詞 | If she had accepted |
| 主節 (現在帰結・状態) | would + be + 形容詞/場所 | she would be here now |
| 主節 (現在帰結・進行) | would + be + V-ing | she would be sitting |
| 否定帰結 | wouldn't + be (+ V-ing) | she wouldn't be sitting |
▦文型バリエーション
| 文型 | 形 | 例 |
|---|
| 過去条件→現在結果 | If + S + had pp, S + would + base | If I had studied medicine, I would be a doctor now. |
| 否定の現在結果 | ..., S + wouldn't + be ... | If you hadn't quit, you wouldn't be unemployed today. |
| 進行の現在結果 | ..., S + would + be V-ing | Had we left earlier, we would be arriving by now. |
❝例文
1If I had taken that job, I would be living in Tokyo right now.
あの仕事を引き受けていたら、今ごろ東京に住んでいるだろう。
2If they had invested back then, they wouldn't be struggling financially today.
あのとき投資していたら、彼らは今 経済的に苦しんでいないだろう。
3Had he listened to the warning, he wouldn't be in hospital now.
あの警告を聞いていれば、彼は今 入院していないだろう。
4If she hadn't missed the train, she would already be at the conference.
電車に乗り遅れていなければ、彼女はもう会議に着いているだろう。
5If we had saved more in our twenties, we would be retiring comfortably now.
20代でもっと貯金していれば、今ごろ余裕をもって引退できているだろう。
·
C2 では時間副詞 (now / today / right now) が帰結の時制を決定する点が頻出ひっかけ。if節の過去完了に引きずられて would have been を選ばせる罠に注意。逆に「現在条件→過去結果」型 (If I were more careful, I wouldn't have made that mistake) も存在し、双方向の混合があると意識すること。
問 2
If he weren't so notoriously stubborn, he （ ） to the compromise the board offered last week.
- ✗would agree
- ○would have agreed
- ✗had agreed
- ✗would have been agreed
Pattern: Mixed conditional present condition → past result
/If + past, ... would have pp/📐1級●文法●文法●条件法応用●混合条件 (逆向き)
恒常的な現在条件が過去の結果を導くときは if節=過去形、主節=would have + 過去分詞。
✓「現在の恒常的状態 → 過去の帰結」型の混合条件。if節は人物の不変の性質を表すため仮定法過去 (weren't)、主節は過去の出来事を否定的に仮定するため would have + 過去分詞 をとる。last week という過去の時間副詞が帰結の時制を過去に固定する。were は仮定法過去で人称に関わらず用いる規範形。
- ✗
「would agree」
= ～同意するだろう (現在帰結) ━ last week という過去副詞があるため帰結は過去。現在帰結 would agree では時制が矛盾する。
- ✗
「had agreed」
= ～同意していた (過去完了) ━ 主節に仮定法の would が欠けている。条件帰結には would have pp が必要。
- ✗
「would have been agreed」
= ～同意されていただろう (受動) ━ agree は自動詞的にこの文脈で用いられ、受動態は不適。意味的にも誤り。
·
▦活用 (主語別 / 時制別)
| 形 | マーカー | 例 |
|---|
| if節 (現在の恒常状態) | were / 過去形 | If he weren't stubborn |
| 主節 (過去帰結) | would have + 過去分詞 | he would have agreed |
| 否定帰結 | wouldn't have + 過去分詞 | he wouldn't have refused |
| 疑問帰結 | would + S + have pp | would he have agreed? |
▦文型バリエーション
| 文型 | 形 | 例 |
|---|
| 現在状態→過去結果 | If + S + were/past, S + would have pp | If I were braver, I would have spoken up yesterday. |
| 性質→過去の失敗 | ..., S + wouldn't have pp | If she weren't so shy, she wouldn't have hidden then. |
| 能力→過去結果 | If + S + could, S + would have pp | If he could swim, he would have helped earlier. |
❝例文
1If I weren't afraid of heights, I would have joined them on the climb.
高所恐怖症でなければ、私はあの登山に参加していただろう。
2If she didn't work nights, she would have come to the party last Friday.
夜勤がなければ、彼女は先週金曜のパーティーに来ていただろう。
3If we lived closer, we would have visited you over the holidays.
もっと近くに住んでいれば、休暇中にあなたを訪ねていただろう。
4If he weren't so proud, he would have apologised long ago.
あれほど誇り高くなければ、彼はとうに謝っていただろう。
5If I spoke fluent French, I would have taken that Paris assignment.
フランス語が流暢なら、あのパリの任務を引き受けていただろう。
·
前項の逆方向。判別の鍵は時間副詞と意味で、if節が「変わらぬ性質・恒常的事実」なら現在形、帰結が過去の出来事なら would have pp。stubborn / shy / afraid など不変の性質を表す形容詞が if節にあるときはこの型を疑う。
問 3
（ ） the negotiations to collapse at this stage, the entire regional alliance would be thrown into disarray.
Inverted conditional with 'Were' (formal subjunctive inversion)
📐1級●文法●文法●条件法応用●倒置条件 Were
if を省いて Were を文頭に倒置すると格式高い仮定法過去になる。
✓if を省略する倒置条件で、仮定法過去では were を文頭に置く。原形は If the negotiations were to collapse で、ここでは未来の仮定を強調する were to 構文を倒置した形。were to は「万一～するようなことがあれば」という実現可能性の低い未来仮定を表し、格式の高い書き言葉で多用される。主節は would + 動詞原形。
- ✗
「Was」
= ～だった (直説法過去単数) ━ 倒置条件の仮定法では人称・数に関わらず were を用いる。was は規範文法で誤り。
- ✗
「Should」
= 万一～なら (Should倒置) ━ Should倒置は原形 (collapse) を続け were to を伴わない。ここは to collapse があるため Were が正しい。
- ✗
「Had」
= ～していたら (過去完了倒置) ━ Had倒置は過去分詞を続ける過去完了仮定。to不定詞 (to collapse) とは結合しない。
·
▦活用 (主語別 / 時制別)
| 形 | マーカー | 例 |
|---|
| 平叙 (if) | If + S + were (to V) | If it were to fail |
| 倒置 | Were + S (+ to V) | Were it to fail |
| 否定倒置 | Were + S + not (to V) | Were she not to attend |
| 主節帰結 | would + 動詞原形 | ..., we would lose |
▦文型バリエーション
| 文型 | 形 | 例 |
|---|
| 状態の仮定 (倒置) | Were + S + 補語, S + would ... | Were I you, I would resign. |
| 未来の仮定 (were to 倒置) | Were + S + to V, S + would ... | Were the bridge to collapse, hundreds would perish. |
| 否定倒置 | Were + S + not ..., S + would ... | Were it not for your help, we would fail. |
❝例文
1Were the company to default on its bonds, investor confidence would evaporate overnight.
万一その会社が債券を不履行にすれば、投資家の信頼は一夜にして消え去るだろう。
2Were I in your position, I would tread far more cautiously.
私があなたの立場なら、はるかに慎重に振る舞うだろう。
3Were the treaty to be ratified, decades of hostility might finally end.
万一その条約が批准されれば、数十年の敵対がついに終わるかもしれない。
4Were she not so well connected, the proposal would never have reached the minister.
彼女がこれほど顔が広くなければ、その提案が大臣に届くことは決してなかっただろう。
5Were it not for the embargo, trade between the nations would flourish.
禁輸措置がなければ、両国の貿易は繁栄するだろう。
·
Were it not for ～ は If it were not for ～ (～がなければ) の倒置で C2 頻出。were to の倒置は未来の低確率仮定、単なる were 倒置は現在の状態仮定と区別する。was を選ばせる罠は規範文法 (prescriptive) の知識で排除すること。