EigoPro 1級 読解 — The Silence After the Last Speaker

Every few weeks, somewhere on the planet, a language draws its final breath. By the most sober estimates, roughly half of the world's seven thousand tongues will be extinct or moribund before this century closes, and the cadence of loss is accelerating. We are conditioned to mourn vanishing species and crumbling monuments, yet the disappearance of a language provokes comparatively little public grief, perhaps because its casualties are invisible: not buildings or beasts, but ways of thinking. This indifference rests on a seductive fallacy, namely that any language can be losslessly rendered into another, that meaning is a portable commodity merely awaiting transfer. It cannot. Embedded in each grammar is a distinctive apparatus for parsing reality, a lens ground over countless generations of lived experience. A tongue may oblige its speakers to mark the source of every claim, to encode kinship with surgical precision, or to navigate by fixed cardinal direction rather than by the egocentric and shifting coordinates of left and right. Such features are not ornamental quirks to be admired and then discarded; they are the accumulated cognitive sediment of an entire people, and they perish, instantly and forever, with the last fluent voice. The customary culprit invoked is globalisation, but the diagnosis is too glib. Languages rarely die through sudden catastrophe; they are abandoned, often by speakers who calculate, not unreasonably, that a dominant tongue will secure their children's prospects. The tragedy is therefore intimate, a sequence of rational surrenders that aggregate into civilisational amnesia. To dismiss revitalisation as nostalgic sentimentality is to misread what is forfeited. When a language's terminal speaker falls silent, what expires is not merely a lexicon but an entire epistemology, an irreproducible angle on existence honed over millennia. No archive, however meticulous, can resurrect the fluency that animated it. The recordings we salvage are fossils, not living organisms. To treat this attrition as the natural price of progress is to confuse impoverishment with efficiency, and to ratify a quieter, vaster extinction than any we commemorate.

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この単元の問題を3問、解説つきで公開しています

1級 · 読解 · 全5

1

What is the author's central argument in the passage?

  • The death of a language destroys an irreplaceable framework for understanding reality, not merely a stock of words.
  • Communities that abandon their languages are acting irrationally and against their own interests.
  • Globalisation is the single decisive cause of language extinction and must be reversed.
  • Most endangered languages can be adequately preserved through careful digital archiving.
Phrase

an entire epistemology

1級読解主旨把握論旨
ひとことで

言語の死は単語の喪失ではなく、世界を捉える独自の枠組みの消滅だと論じている。

選択肢の解説Choice Analysis

The death of a language destroys an irreplaceable framework for understanding reality, not merely a stock of words.

正解

筆者は終始、言語には「a distinctive apparatus for parsing reality」が組み込まれており、失われるのは語彙ではなく「an entire epistemology」だと主張している。第2段落と第4段落がこの論旨の核心であり、翻訳で代替できないと繰り返す。よって認識の枠組みの破壊が中心命題である。

  • Globalisation is the single decisive cause of language extinction and must be reversed.

    = グローバル化こそ唯一の決定的原因だとする主張 ━ 第3段落で筆者は『globalisation』を持ち出す診断を『too glib(安直すぎる)』と退け、単一原因論を明確に否定している。。

  • Most endangered languages can be adequately preserved through careful digital archiving.

    = 入念なデジタル保存で十分守れるとする主張 ━ 第4段落で記録は『fossils, not living organisms』に過ぎず流暢さは再現できないと述べ、保存万能論を否定している。。

  • Communities that abandon their languages are acting irrationally and against their own interests.

    = 母語を捨てる共同体は不合理に行動しているとする主張 ━ 第3段落で話者の選択を『not unreasonably』『rational surrenders』と評し、合理的だと認めているため逆である。。

Collocation
パターン意味
draw one's final breath息を引き取る・終焉を迎えるEvery few weeks a language draws its final breath.
render X into YXをYに翻訳・変換するNo nuance can be fully rendered into another tongue.
rest on a fallacy誤った前提に立脚するTheir optimism rests on a seductive fallacy.
perish with〜とともに滅びるOral epics perish with the last fluent voice.
the price of progress進歩の代償Cultural loss is treated as the price of progress.
例文
  • The dialect drew its final breath when its last speaker died in 2010.

    その方言は最後の話者が2010年に亡くなったとき終焉を迎えた。

  • Poetry rarely renders losslessly into a foreign language.

    詩が外国語へ無損失で翻訳されることはまれだ。

  • His entire theory rests on a single unproven assumption.

    彼の理論全体が一つの未証明の前提に立脚している。

💡Tip · 覚えるコツ

主旨設問では、本文が『否定している立場』を正解に紛れ込ませた誤答に注意。`too glib` や `not unreasonably` といった筆者の評価語が、原因単一論や話者非合理論を退ける手がかりになる。

2

According to the passage, what proportion of the world's languages is projected to be extinct or moribund by the end of this century?

  • Around a quarter of the world's languages.
  • Nearly all of approximately seven thousand languages.
  • Precisely seven thousand languages.
  • About half of roughly seven thousand languages.
Phrase

roughly half of the world's seven thousand tongues

1級読解詳細把握
ひとことで

第1段落に『roughly half of the world's seven thousand tongues』が消滅・瀕死になると明記。

選択肢の解説Choice Analysis

About half of roughly seven thousand languages.

正解

第1段落で『By the most sober estimates, roughly half of the world's seven thousand tongues will be extinct or moribund before this century closes』と述べられている。総数は約7000、消滅・瀕死に至るのはそのおよそ半分である。したがって約半数が正解。

  • Nearly all of approximately seven thousand languages.

    = 7000語のほぼ全てが消えるとする読み ━ 本文は『half(半分)』であり『nearly all』とは書いていない。誇張した誤読。。

  • Around a quarter of the world's languages.

    = 約4分の1が消えるとする数値 ━ 本文の数値は『half』であり、4分の1という記述は存在しない。。

  • Precisely seven thousand languages.

    = 7000語そのものが消滅するとする読み ━ 7000は現存総数であり、消滅するのはその半分。総数と消滅数の取り違え。。

Collocation
パターン意味
by sober estimates控えめな見積もりでもBy sober estimates, the glacier will vanish by 2070.
before the century closes今世紀が終わるまでにSea levels may rise sharply before the century closes.
extinct or moribund絶滅または瀕死のDozens of tongues are now extinct or moribund.
the cadence of loss喪失のペース・調子The cadence of loss is quickening.
half of XXの半分Half of the participants withdrew early.
例文
  • Roughly half of the audience left before the encore.

    聴衆のおよそ半数がアンコール前に帰った。

  • By sober estimates, the project will run two years late.

    控えめに見積もっても計画は2年遅れる。

  • Many regional crafts are now moribund.

    多くの地方工芸は今や瀕死状態だ。

💡Tip · 覚えるコツ

数値設問は『総数』と『該当数』の取り違えが定番の罠。`half of seven thousand` のように、母数と割合を分けて読み取ること。

3

Which of the following does the passage cite as an example of how a grammar can shape the perception of reality?

  • Replacing all spatial terms with references to left and right.
  • Prohibiting speakers from describing kinship relationships at all.
  • Forcing speakers to translate every word into a dominant language.
  • Requiring speakers to mark the source of every claim they make.
Phrase

to mark the source of every claim

1級読解詳細把握
ひとことで

第2段落で『to mark the source of every claim』が現実を捉える文法装置の例として挙げられている。

選択肢の解説Choice Analysis

Requiring speakers to mark the source of every claim they make.

正解

第2段落は文法が『a distinctive apparatus for parsing reality』を持つ例を列挙し、『A tongue may oblige its speakers to mark the source of every claim』と述べる。すなわち、あらゆる主張の情報源を明示させる文法がその一例である。

  • Forcing speakers to translate every word into a dominant language.

    = 全単語を支配的言語へ訳させるとする例 ━ これは話者の言語放棄(第3段落)の文脈であり、文法が現実を区分する例として挙げられていない。。

  • Prohibiting speakers from describing kinship relationships at all.

    = 親族関係を一切表現させないとする例 ━ 本文は逆に『encode kinship with surgical precision(精密に親族を符号化)』を例示している。。

  • Replacing all spatial terms with references to left and right.

    = 全空間語を左右に置き換えるとする例 ━ 本文は『cardinal direction rather than ... left and right』、つまり左右ではなく東西南北で方向を捉える例を挙げている。。

Collocation
パターン意味
mark the source of〜の情報源を明示するSome languages mark the source of every statement.
oblige someone to do〜に…することを強いるGrammar may oblige speakers to specify evidence.
encode X with precisionXを精密に符号化するThe system encodes kinship with surgical precision.
navigate by direction方角で方向を定めるSpeakers navigate by cardinal direction.
parse reality現実を解析・区分するEach grammar parses reality differently.
例文
  • Evidentiality forces speakers to mark the source of every claim.

    証拠性は話者にあらゆる主張の情報源を明示させる。

  • The law obliges drivers to wear seatbelts.

    法律は運転手にシートベルト着用を義務づける。

  • These tribes navigate by cardinal direction, never by left and right.

    これらの部族は左右ではなく方角で方向を定める。

💡Tip · 覚えるコツ

具体例の設問は、本文の例を『反転』させた誤答が紛れる。`kinship with precision` を『kinship 禁止』に、`cardinal direction rather than left/right` を『左右に置換』に裏返す改ざんを見抜く。

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