問 1
（ ） I known about the sudden change in the schedule earlier, I would never have booked that expensive flight.
- Have
- Did
- Were
- Had
Had + S + pp (仮定法過去完了の倒置)
Had + S + pp = If S had pp の if を省略し had を主語前に倒置。書き言葉の格式。
「Had」
正解"~ I known about the sudden change in the schedule earlier, I would never have booked that expensive flight" は仮定法過去完了の倒置 = 「Had」。形: If S had pp → Had S pp と if を落として had を文頭に出す。ポイント: 倒置すると if が消え、格式的・文語的な響きになる。意味は通常の仮定法過去完了と同一。準1級頻出: 倒置による if 省略は C1 鉄板、フォーマルな書き言葉で必出。
「Did」
= 一般動詞の疑問・強調倒置 ━ 仮定法倒置を作らない ━ 仮定法過去完了の倒置は Had のみ、Did は不可。
「Have」
= 現在完了 ━ 過去の反実仮想に時制不一致 ━ 反実仮想は had pp、現在完了 have では仮定法にならない。
「Were」
= be 動詞倒置 (仮定法過去) ━ pp と接続不可 ━ Had + pp が必要、Were は known と組めない。
✅ なぜ「Had」が正解？ この文では「もし早く知っていたら(過去の事実に反する仮定)」を if なしの倒置で表すので 「Had」 が正解。If 節相当を作れるのは助動詞 had のみ。Did は仮定法倒置を作らず、Have は現在完了で時制が合わず、Were は be 動詞倒置で had pp と接続できない。
| 形 | マーカー | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| Had + S + pp | 倒置 = If S had pp | Had I known, I would have come. |
| Were + S (+ to V) | 倒置 = If S were | Were he honest, he would admit it. |
| Should + S + V | 倒置 = If S should V | Should it rain, we will cancel. |
| 帰結節 | would / could / might + have pp | I would have helped you. |
| 文型 | 形 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| 過去反実 (倒置) | Had + S + pp, S would have pp | Had I studied, I would have passed. |
| 否定の倒置 | Had + S + not + pp | Had I not left early, I would have missed it. |
| 通常形との等価 | If S had pp = Had S pp | If I had known = Had I known. |
Had I known about the sudden last
minute change in the company schedule a little earlier, I would honestly never have booked that ridiculously expensive non-refundable international flight. — 会社のスケジュールの突然の土壇場の変更をもう少し早く知っていたら、正直あんなに馬鹿げて高価な払い戻し不可の国際便を絶対に予約しなかっただろう。
Had the experienced surgeon not acted so quickly and decisively during the difficult emergency operation last night, the seriously injured patient would almost certainly not have survived.
経験豊富な外科医が昨夜の困難な緊急手術中にあれほど素早く決断力をもって行動していなかったら、重傷の患者はほぼ確実に生き延びなかっただろう。
Had we left the crowded busy office just ten minutes earlier this morning, we could easily have avoided that terrible long traffic jam on the main downtown highway.
今朝、混雑した忙しいオフィスをほんの10分早く出ていたら、街中の主要高速道路でのあのひどく長い渋滞を簡単に避けられただろうに。
Had my late grandfather been given the proper modern medical treatment that exists today, he might well have lived comfortably for many more happy years with our whole family.
亡き祖父が今日存在する適切な現代的医療を受けていたら、家族全員ともっと長く幸せに快適に生きられたかもしれない。
Had the ambitious young company invested more carefully in cybersecurity from the very beginning, it would certainly not have suffered such a devastating and costly data breach.
野心的な若い会社が最初からサイバーセキュリティにもっと慎重に投資していたら、あれほど壊滅的で費用のかかるデータ漏洩に見舞われることは確実になかっただろう。
- 仮定法倒置 (準1級 鉄板)
★ If が省略できるのは had / were / should の3語のみ ★ Had I known / Were I rich / Should you need ━ 文頭に出して if を落とす
- 否定
★ Had I not = もし〜していなかったら (not は主語の後) ━ ✗ Hadn't I は不可。register: 倒置形は通常形より格式的・文語的、ビジネス文書やニュースで頻出