問 1
( ) all of his demanding homework early, he was finally able to relax and watch his favorite movie.
- Having finished
- Had finished
- Finished
- Finishing
Having + pp (完了分詞構文)
Having + pp = 主節より前に完了した動作を表す完了分詞構文。「〜してしまったので / 〜した後で」。
「Having finished」
正解"( ) all of his demanding homework early, he was finally able to relax and watch his favorite movie" は完了分詞構文 = 「Having finished」。形: Having + 過去分詞 は、分詞の動作が主節より 前に 起きたことを示す。単純分詞 (-ing) が主節と同時を表すのに対し、完了分詞は時間差・原因を明確にする。書き言葉で「〜してしまったので」「〜した後で」を簡潔に表す C1 構文。
「Finishing」
= 単純現在分詞 ━ 主節と同時を表す ━ 時間差 (先に完了) は Having + pp、同時は -ing。
「Finished」
= 過去分詞単独 ━ 受動の意味になり能動の主語と不一致 ━ 能動・完了は Having + pp。
「Had finished」
= 定動詞 (過去完了) ━ 従位節には接続詞が必要 ━ 分詞構文は Having + pp、定動詞は不可。
✅ なぜ「Having finished」が正解? 宿題を終えた 後で くつろげたという時間差・原因を示すので完了分詞 「Having finished」 が正解。Finishing は同時動作で時間差が出ず、Finished は単独で従位節を作れず、Had finished は定動詞で接続詞が必要。
| 形 | マーカー | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| Having + pp | 完了 (主節より前) | Having finished, he left. |
| Having been + pp | 完了受動 | Having been warned, she stayed. |
| -ing | 同時・継続 | Smiling, he waved. |
| Not having + pp | 完了否定 | Not having slept, he was tired. |
| 文型 | 形 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| 完了能動 | Having + pp, S + V | Having read the report, she approved it. |
| 理由 | Having + pp (= Because S had pp), S + V | Having lost his keys, he waited outside. |
| 時の前後 | Having + pp (= After S pp), S + V | Having eaten, they went out. |
Having finished all of his unusually demanding homework unusually early that evening, he was finally able to completely relax and happily watch his favorite long movie.
その晩、異常に大変な宿題を全て異常に早く終えてしまったので、彼はついに完全にくつろいで好きな長い映画を楽しく見ることができた。
Having lived abroad in several different countries for nearly fifteen years, she speaks four foreign languages fluently and adapts effortlessly to almost any new culture.
15年近く複数の異なる国で海外生活をしてきたので、彼女は4つの外国語を流暢に話し、ほぼどんな新しい文化にも難なく順応する。
Having already missed two important morning trains that day, the worried businessman decided to take an expensive taxi straight to the crucial international meeting.
その日すでに2本の重要な朝の電車を逃していたので、心配したビジネスマンは重要な国際会議に直接高価なタクシーで行くことに決めた。
Having carefully studied the complicated contract for several long hours, the experienced lawyer finally identified the one small but dangerous hidden clause.
複雑な契約書を数時間慎重に検討した後で、経験豊富な弁護士はついに小さいが危険な隠れた一箇条を見つけ出した。
Having spent his entire childhood in the quiet countryside, the young writer found the noisy crowded capital city both thrilling and somewhat overwhelming at first.
子供時代をずっと静かな田舎で過ごしてきたので、その若い作家は騒がしく混雑した首都を最初はわくわくすると同時にやや圧倒的に感じた。
- 完了分詞構文 (準1級 鉄板)
★ Having + pp = 主節より 前 の動作 ★ -ing = 主節と
- 同時
時間差の有無で使い分け。原因・理由 を簡潔に示すため formal writing で頻出 (= Because/After + S + had pp)。否定は Not having + pp で前に置く