EigoPro 準1級 文法 — NegationPolarity

否定・極性: hardly ... when / no sooner ... than / scarcely ... before / Not until ~ did S V / no longer / not ... any longer / any more / neither ... nor / Nor / Neither + 助動詞 + S / not ... either / any / yet / Under no circumstances + 助動詞 + S / Little did S know/realize / by no means / Only after / Only when + 倒置 ━ CEFR C1

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この単元の問題を3問、解説つきで公開しています

準1級 · 文法 · 全15

1

( ) had the exhausted runner crossed the finish line when she collapsed onto the track.

  • did
  • had
  • was
  • has
Pattern

hardly ... when (~するやいなや / 倒置)

準1級文法否定時の前後関係準否定辞前置の倒置
ひとことで

Hardly had S pp ... when S V(過去) = 「AするやいなやBした」。hardly が文頭で倒置を誘発。

選択肢の解説Choice Analysis

had

正解

"Hardly ~ the exhausted runner crossed the finish line when she collapsed onto the track" は hardly 構文の倒置 = 「had」: Hardly had S pp when S V(過去) = 「〜するやいなや〜した」。hardly が文頭で助動詞 had を主語前に倒置。ポイント: 主節は過去完了 (had pp)、when 節は単純過去。hardly...when は時の接近を強調。準1級頻出: hardly...when の倒置は C1 鉄板、物語の急展開で必出。

  • was

    = be 動詞 ━ crossed (一般動詞 pp) と接続不可 ━ hardly 倒置は had pp、was は be 動詞で組めない。

  • did

    = 単純過去の倒置 ━ 過去完了を作れない ━ hardly...when は過去完了 had pp、did は単純過去。

  • has

    = 現在完了 ━ when 節の過去と時制不一致 ━ 主節は過去完了 had、現在完了 has は時制が合わない。

✅ なぜ「had」が正解? この文では文頭の Hardly が倒置を誘発し主節は過去完了になるので助動詞 「had」 が正解。was は be 動詞で crossed (一般動詞 pp) と組めず、did は単純過去の倒置で過去完了を作れず、has は現在完了で when 節の過去と時制が合わない。

活用 (主語別 / 時制別)
マーカー
Hardly had S pp when S V(過去)倒置 = S had hardly pp whenHardly had I left when it rained.
Scarcely had S pp when/before= hardly (同義)Scarcely had we sat down when the phone rang.
No sooner had S pp thanthan を取る (when でない)No sooner had he arrived than she left.
非倒置の通常形S had hardly pp when S VI had hardly left when it rained.
文型バリエーション
文型
hardly 倒置Hardly had S pp when S V(過去)Hardly had he spoken when the crowd cheered.
否定の位置Hardly had S pp ... (not 不要)Hardly had we finished when guests arrived.
通常語順との等価S had hardly pp when = Hardly had S pp whenShe had hardly arrived when it started.
例文
  • Hardly had the utterly exhausted marathon runner finally crossed the distant finish line when she completely collapsed face

    down onto the hard rubber track in front of the cheering crowd. — 疲れ切ったマラソンランナーがついに遠くのゴールラインを越えるやいなや、応援する観衆の前で硬いゴムのトラックにうつ伏せに完全に倒れ込んだ。

  • Hardly had the relieved passengers boarded the long

    delayed evening train and found their seats when the conductor suddenly announced yet another frustrating mechanical problem. — ほっとした乗客たちが長く遅れた夜の列車に乗り込んで席を見つけるやいなや、車掌が突然またもや腹立たしい機械的問題を告げた。

  • Hardly had the nervous young pianist played the very first delicate notes of the difficult sonata when the entire concert hall fell into an awed and reverent silence.

    緊張した若いピアニストが難しいソナタの最初の繊細な音を奏でるやいなや、コンサートホール全体が畏敬と崇敬の沈黙に包まれた。

  • Hardly had we comfortably settled down at the cozy seaside restaurant for our long

    awaited dinner when a sudden violent storm forced everyone to rush back inside immediately. — 私たちが待ちに待った夕食のため居心地の良い海辺のレストランに落ち着くやいなや、突然の激しい嵐が皆をすぐ屋内へ駆け戻らせた。

  • Hardly had the experienced detective carefully examined the very first piece of physical evidence when he instantly realized that the original police theory was entirely mistaken.

    経験豊富な刑事が最初の物的証拠を注意深く調べるやいなや、当初の警察の見立てが完全に間違っていたと即座に気づいた。

💡Tip · 覚えるコツ
  • hardly...when 倒置 (準1級 鉄板)

    ★ Hardly had S pp when S V(過去) = 〜するやいなや〜した ★ 文頭 hardly が倒置を誘発、主節は過去完了 ━ 物語の急展開で頻出

  • 相棒の接続詞

    ★ hardly/scarcely は when (または before)、no sooner は

  • than

    ペアを混同しない

  • 位置

    hardly 自体が否定なので追加の not は不要

2

No sooner had the summer holidays begun ( ) it started to rain heavily every day.

  • when
  • than
  • then
  • as
Pattern

no sooner ... than (~するやいなや / 倒置)

準1級文法否定時の前後関係準否定辞前置の倒置
ひとことで

No sooner had S pp than S V(過去) = 「〜するやいなや〜した」。no sooner は than と組む。

選択肢の解説Choice Analysis

than

正解

"No sooner had the long-awaited summer holidays finally begun ~ it started to rain heavily every single day" は no sooner 構文 = 「than」: No sooner had S pp than S V(過去)。no sooner は比較級 sooner を含むため必ず than を取る。ポイント: hardly/scarcely は when を取るが、no sooner だけは than。文頭で倒置を誘発する点は共通。準1級頻出: no sooner...than は C1 鉄板、hardly...when との接続詞ペア区別が問われる。

  • when

    = hardly/scarcely 用の接続詞 ━ no sooner には不可 ━ no sooner は than、when は hardly/scarcely 用。

  • then

    = 副詞 (それから) ━ 節を導く接続詞でない ━ no sooner...than の than が必要、then は副詞。

  • as

    = 時・理由の接続詞 ━ no sooner の相棒でない ━ 比較級 sooner の相棒は than、as は不可。

✅ なぜ「than」が正解? この文では no sooner が比較級を含むので相棒の接続詞は 「than」 が正解。when は hardly/scarcely 用で no sooner には不可、then は副詞で接続詞にならず節を導けず、as は時・理由の接続詞で no sooner の相棒ではない。

活用 (主語別 / 時制別)
マーカー
No sooner had S pp than S V(過去)倒置 = S had no sooner pp thanNo sooner had I sat than the bell rang.
Hardly had S pp whenhardly は whenHardly had I sat when the bell rang.
Scarcely had S pp before/whenscarcely は before/whenScarcely had we left before it rained.
非倒置の通常形S had no sooner pp thanI had no sooner sat down than it rang.
文型バリエーション
文型
no sooner 倒置No sooner had S pp than S V(過去)No sooner had he left than she called.
接続詞の対比no sooner = than / hardly = whenNo sooner had it begun than it ended.
通常語順との等価S had no sooner pp than = No sooner had S pp thanShe had no sooner spoken than he laughed.
例文
  • No sooner had the long

    awaited summer holidays finally officially begun than it suddenly started to rain heavily and miserably almost every single dreary day for weeks. — 待ちに待った夏休みがついに正式に始まるやいなや、何週間もほぼ毎日陰鬱に激しく惨めに雨が降り始めた。

  • No sooner had the popular new smartphone model gone on sale early that morning than thousands of eager customers completely sold out every single store nationwide.

    人気の新型スマートフォンがその日の朝早く発売されるやいなや、何千もの熱心な客が全国の全店舗を完全に売り切れにした。

  • No sooner had the weary travelers finally checked into their booked hotel room than they discovered to their dismay that the air conditioning was completely broken.

    疲れた旅行者たちが予約したホテルの部屋にようやくチェックインするやいなや、エアコンが完全に壊れていることに落胆して気づいた。

  • No sooner had the controversial politician finished his carefully rehearsed speech than dozens of angry reporters began shouting difficult and pointed questions all at once.

    物議を醸す政治家が入念に練習した演説を終えるやいなや、数十人の怒った記者が一斉に難しく鋭い質問を叫び始めた。

  • No sooner had we managed to plant the delicate young seedlings in the freshly dug garden than an unexpected late frost arrived overnight and tragically killed them all.

    私たちが新しく掘った庭に繊細な若い苗を植えるやいなや、予想外の遅霜が一夜にして訪れ、悲劇的に全てを枯らした。

💡Tip · 覚えるコツ
  • no sooner...than 倒置 (準1級 鉄板)

    ★ No sooner had S pp than S V(過去) = 〜するやいなや〜した ★ no sooner は比較級 → 必ず

  • than

    hardly/scarcely の when と混同禁止

  • 接続詞ペア暗記

    no sooner→than / hardly→when / scarcely→before(when)

  • 倒置トリガー

    文頭の否定的副詞句が助動詞 had の倒置を強制する

3

( ) had the worried mother fallen asleep before the baby woke up crying again.

  • Suddenly
  • Rarely
  • Scarcely
  • Seldom
Pattern

scarcely ... before (~するかしないかのうちに / 倒置)

準1級文法否定時の前後関係準否定辞前置の倒置
ひとことで

Scarcely had S pp before/when S V(過去) = 「〜するかしないかのうちに」。scarcely が倒置を誘発。

選択肢の解説Choice Analysis

Scarcely

正解

"~ had the worried mother fallen asleep before the baby suddenly woke up crying loudly again" は = 「Scarcely」: Scarcely had S pp before (または when) S V(過去)。scarcely は hardly とほぼ同義の準否定辞。ポイント: scarcely は before または when を取る。文頭で倒置 (had S pp) を誘発する点は hardly と同じ。準1級頻出: scarcely...before は C1 鉄板、hardly の類義として書き言葉で頻出。

  • Rarely

    = 頻度否定 (めったに〜ない) ━ 時の前後を表さない ━ 時の接近は Scarcely、Rarely は頻度否定。

  • Seldom

    = 頻度否定 (めったに〜ない) ━ before と時の前後にならない ━ 〜するかしないかは Scarcely、Seldom は頻度。

  • Suddenly

    = 普通の時の副詞 ━ 倒置を強制しない ━ 倒置を誘発する準否定辞は Scarcely、Suddenly は普通の副詞。

✅ なぜ「Scarcely」が正解? この文では文頭で倒置を誘発し before と組んで「〜するかしないかのうちに」を表すので準否定辞 「Scarcely」 が正解。Rarely は頻度否定 (めったに〜ない) で時の前後を表さず、Seldom も頻度否定、Suddenly は普通の副詞で倒置を強制しない。

活用 (主語別 / 時制別)
マーカー
Scarcely had S pp before S V(過去)before を取るScarcely had I slept before he woke.
Scarcely had S pp when S V(過去)when も可Scarcely had we eaten when they arrived.
Hardly had S pp whenhardly はほぼ同義Hardly had I slept when he woke.
非倒置の通常形S had scarcely pp beforeI had scarcely slept before he woke.
文型バリエーション
文型
scarcely 倒置Scarcely had S pp before S V(過去)Scarcely had he begun before he stopped.
接続詞 before/whenscarcely は before または whenScarcely had it started when it ended.
通常語順との等価S had scarcely pp before = Scarcely had S pp beforeShe had scarcely left before it rained.
例文
  • Scarcely had the utterly exhausted worried young mother finally fallen into a deep sleep before her tiny newborn baby suddenly woke up crying loudly and insistently once again.

    疲れ切って心配した若い母親がようやく深い眠りに落ちるかどうかのうちに、小さな新生児が再び突然大声でしつこく泣いて目を覚ました。

  • Scarcely had the ambitious construction company finished building the gleaming new office tower before serious structural cracks began appearing alarmingly in several upper floors.

    野心的な建設会社が輝く新オフィスタワーを建て終わるかどうかのうちに、いくつかの上階で深刻な構造的ひび割れが警戒すべきほど現れ始めた。

  • Scarcely had the famous award

    winning author published her highly anticipated new novel before fierce critics began enthusiastically tearing it apart in every major newspaper. — 有名な受賞作家が待望の新作小説を出版するかどうかのうちに、激しい批評家たちがあらゆる主要新聞で熱心にそれを酷評し始めた。

  • Scarcely had the cautious investors poured their hard

    earned savings into the promising startup before the entire technology market unexpectedly and dramatically collapsed worldwide. — 慎重な投資家たちが苦労して貯めた金を有望なスタートアップに注ぎ込むかどうかのうちに、技術市場全体が予想外に劇的に世界中で崩壊した。

  • Scarcely had the relieved firefighters finally extinguished the raging warehouse blaze before a second smaller fire mysteriously broke out in a completely different part of the building.

    ほっとした消防士たちが猛烈な倉庫火災をようやく消し止めるかどうかのうちに、建物の全く別の部分で2つ目の小火災が不可解に発生した。

💡Tip · 覚えるコツ
  • scarcely...before 倒置 (準1級 鉄板)

    ★ Scarcely had S pp before/when S V(過去) = 〜するかしないかのうちに ★ hardly とほぼ同義の準否定辞 ━ scarcely は before も when も可

  • 頻度否定との区別

    ★ scarcely/hardly = 時の接近 ★ rarely/seldom = めったに〜ない (頻度) ━ 同じ倒置でも意味系統が違う

  • 否定の重複禁止

    scarcely 自体が否定なので not 不要

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