問 1
( ) had the exhausted runner crossed the finish line when she collapsed onto the track.
- did
- had
- was
- has
hardly ... when (~するやいなや / 倒置)
Hardly had S pp ... when S V(過去) = 「AするやいなやBした」。hardly が文頭で倒置を誘発。
「had」
正解"Hardly ~ the exhausted runner crossed the finish line when she collapsed onto the track" は hardly 構文の倒置 = 「had」。形: Hardly had S pp when S V(過去) = 「〜するやいなや〜した」。hardly が文頭で助動詞 had を主語前に倒置。ポイント: 主節は過去完了 (had pp)、when 節は単純過去。hardly...when は時の接近を強調。準1級頻出: hardly...when の倒置は C1 鉄板、物語の急展開で必出。
「was」
= be 動詞 ━ crossed (一般動詞 pp) と接続不可 ━ hardly 倒置は had pp、was は be 動詞で組めない。
「did」
= 単純過去の倒置 ━ 過去完了を作れない ━ hardly...when は過去完了 had pp、did は単純過去。
「has」
= 現在完了 ━ when 節の過去と時制不一致 ━ 主節は過去完了 had、現在完了 has は時制が合わない。
✅ なぜ「had」が正解? この文では文頭の Hardly が倒置を誘発し主節は過去完了になるので助動詞 「had」 が正解。was は be 動詞で crossed (一般動詞 pp) と組めず、did は単純過去の倒置で過去完了を作れず、has は現在完了で when 節の過去と時制が合わない。
| 形 | マーカー | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| Hardly had S pp when S V(過去) | 倒置 = S had hardly pp when | Hardly had I left when it rained. |
| Scarcely had S pp when/before | = hardly (同義) | Scarcely had we sat down when the phone rang. |
| No sooner had S pp than | than を取る (when でない) | No sooner had he arrived than she left. |
| 非倒置の通常形 | S had hardly pp when S V | I had hardly left when it rained. |
| 文型 | 形 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| hardly 倒置 | Hardly had S pp when S V(過去) | Hardly had he spoken when the crowd cheered. |
| 否定の位置 | Hardly had S pp ... (not 不要) | Hardly had we finished when guests arrived. |
| 通常語順との等価 | S had hardly pp when = Hardly had S pp when | She had hardly arrived when it started. |
Hardly had the utterly exhausted marathon runner finally crossed the distant finish line when she completely collapsed face
down onto the hard rubber track in front of the cheering crowd. — 疲れ切ったマラソンランナーがついに遠くのゴールラインを越えるやいなや、応援する観衆の前で硬いゴムのトラックにうつ伏せに完全に倒れ込んだ。
Hardly had the relieved passengers boarded the long
delayed evening train and found their seats when the conductor suddenly announced yet another frustrating mechanical problem. — ほっとした乗客たちが長く遅れた夜の列車に乗り込んで席を見つけるやいなや、車掌が突然またもや腹立たしい機械的問題を告げた。
Hardly had the nervous young pianist played the very first delicate notes of the difficult sonata when the entire concert hall fell into an awed and reverent silence.
緊張した若いピアニストが難しいソナタの最初の繊細な音を奏でるやいなや、コンサートホール全体が畏敬と崇敬の沈黙に包まれた。
Hardly had we comfortably settled down at the cozy seaside restaurant for our long
awaited dinner when a sudden violent storm forced everyone to rush back inside immediately. — 私たちが待ちに待った夕食のため居心地の良い海辺のレストランに落ち着くやいなや、突然の激しい嵐が皆をすぐ屋内へ駆け戻らせた。
Hardly had the experienced detective carefully examined the very first piece of physical evidence when he instantly realized that the original police theory was entirely mistaken.
経験豊富な刑事が最初の物的証拠を注意深く調べるやいなや、当初の警察の見立てが完全に間違っていたと即座に気づいた。
- hardly...when 倒置 (準1級 鉄板)
★ Hardly had S pp when S V(過去) = 〜するやいなや〜した ★ 文頭 hardly が倒置を誘発、主節は過去完了 ━ 物語の急展開で頻出
- 相棒の接続詞
★ hardly/scarcely は when (または before)、no sooner は
- than
ペアを混同しない
- 位置
hardly 自体が否定なので追加の not は不要