問 1
If I （ ） harder, I would have passed the entrance exam last spring.
- studied
- would study
- had studied
- have studied
仮定法過去完了 (If S had + 過分, S would have + 過分)
過去の事実に反する仮定: If S had + 過分, S would/could have + 過分。過去にすればよかったが、しなかった。
「had studied」
正解"If I （ ） harder, I would have passed the entrance exam..." では 「もっと勉強していたら合格していただろうに (実際は不合格)」と過去の事実に反する仮定。仮定法過去完了の if 節は had + 過去分詞 で had studied が正解。帰結節 would have passed と時制が呼応。
「have studied」
= 完了 (構文不可) ━ If 節に have studied (現在完了) は使わない。仮定法過去完了は had + 過分 (大過去) の固定形。
「studied」
= 単純過去 (仮定法過去用) ━ studied (単純過去) は仮定法過去 (現在の事実に反する If I studied) 用。過去の事実に反する場合は had + 過分。
「would study」
= 条件節に would 不可 ━ if 節に would は通常使わない (※丁寧な依頼 If you would ... を除く)。仮定法過去完了の if は had + 過分。
| 形 | マーカー | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| 仮定法現在 (実現性高) | If S + V (現在), S will + V | If it rains, I will stay. |
| 仮定法過去 (現実反) | If S + 過去, S would + V | If I were rich, I would buy a car. |
| 仮定法過去完了 (過去反) | If S + had 過分, S would have 過分 | If I had studied, I would have passed. |
| 混合 | If S + had 過分, S would V (現在) | If I had slept, I would be awake now. |
| 文型 | 形 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| 過去反 | If S had 過分, S would have 過分 | If I had known, I would have helped. |
| 現実反 | If S 過去, S would V | If I had money, I would travel. |
| 実現性高 | If S V (現), S will V | If you come, I'll be happy. |
If I had studied harder, I would have passed the entrance exam.
もっと勉強していたら入試に合格していただろう。
If she had left earlier, she would have caught the train.
もっと早く出発していたら電車に間に合っただろう。
If we had known about the storm, we would have stayed home.
嵐のことを知っていたら家にいただろう。
He would have helped you if you had asked him.
頼んでいたら彼は助けてくれただろう。
If it hadn't rained, we could have gone hiking.
雨が降っていなかったらハイキングに行けただろう。
仮定法 3パターン: ① 現在 If S V → S will V (実現性高) ② 過去 If S 過去 → S would V (現在の現実反) ③ 過去完了 If S had 過分 → S would have 過分 (過去の現実反)。時制が一つ過去にずれる。準2級プラス~2級頻出。