EigoPro 1級 読解 — The Ethics of Genetic Enhancement

For most of human history, the traits a person was born with—height, temperament, the raw aptitude for music or mathematics—were a contingent inheritance, distributed by the blind lottery of conception. The advent of precise gene-editing tools has begun to dissolve that assumption. We now stand within sight of a world in which prospective parents might select, or even author, the dispositions of their children. The prospect is routinely framed as a triumph of medicine; the more searching question is whether it is also a moral hazard. Proponents present genetic enhancement as nothing more than the next chapter in an ancient story. Humanity has always sought to improve its condition through reason and science—through sanitation, vaccination, education—and enhancement, on this view, is merely a continuation of that project by more intimate means. They are fond of an analogy with education: just as a parent who hires a tutor shapes a child's mind, so a parent who edits a gene shapes a child's endowment, and we do not condemn the former. Yet the analogy falls short. Tutoring cultivates a capacity that the pupil must still exercise through her own striving; the talent, once earned, is in some sense hers. Enhancement, by contrast, rewrites the trait prior to any effort, presupposing nothing of the recipient. What striving confers, engineering bypasses. The deeper danger lies not in the science itself but in its social distribution. Enhancement will not arrive as an equally shared gift; it will arrive as a commodity, available first to those already advantaged. What was once contingent—and therefore, in its arbitrariness, a kind of common ground—could be deliberately fixed into place, ossifying hierarchies once thought accidental and transmitting privilege across generations with biological permanence. Beyond inequality, there is a subtler cost. To treat a human being as a product to be optimized is to erode our reverence for the given, and with it the humility and solidarity that arise from shared vulnerability. We have long been bound to one another by a common frailty, by the knowledge that none of us authored ourselves. A culture devoted to mastery may leave little room for that grace. The question, then, is not merely what we can engineer, but what kind of beings we wish to remain.

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この単元の問題を3問、解説つきで公開しています

1級 · 読解 · 全5

1

Which of the following best captures the central argument of the passage?

  • The author argues that the ethical danger of genetic enhancement lies less in the technology itself than in how it could entrench social inequality and erode our acceptance of human imperfection.
  • The author maintains that genetic enhancement is ethically indistinguishable from conventional education and should therefore be embraced without reservation.
  • The author insists that the principal obstacle to genetic enhancement is the prohibitive cost of the underlying laboratory procedures.
  • The author contends that genetic enhancement should be banned outright because it inevitably produces unforeseeable medical catastrophes.
Phrase

全体の論旨・筆者の主たる懸念

1級読解主旨把握論旨
ひとことで

筆者の懸念は技術そのものより、不平等の固定化と「不完全さの受容」の喪失にある。

選択肢の解説Choice Analysis

The author argues that the ethical danger of genetic enhancement lies less in the technology itself than in how it could entrench social inequality and erode our acceptance of human imperfection.

正解

本文は冒頭で「危険は技術にではなく、それが既存の優位を世代を超えて固定化しうる点にある」と述べ、終盤では「与えられたものへの畏敬」や不完全さを受け入れる態度の浸食を論じている。したがって技術自体ではなく社会的・倫理的帰結を中心問題に据えた選択肢が正解。複数の段落の論点を束ねている点でも主旨にふさわしい。

  • The author contends that genetic enhancement should be banned outright because it inevitably produces unforeseeable medical catastrophes.

    = 医療的大惨事を理由に全面禁止すべきという主張 ━ 本文は医療的破局を主因とせず、禁止も明言していないため矛盾。

  • The author maintains that genetic enhancement is ethically indistinguishable from conventional education and should therefore be embraced by society without reservation.

    = 強化は教育と同じで無条件に歓迎すべきという主張 ━ 本文は教育との類比を一部認めつつも留保を付しており、無制限肯定とは食い違う。

  • The author insists that the principal obstacle to genetic enhancement is the prohibitive cost of the underlying laboratory procedures.

    = 実験手技の高コストが主たる障害という主張 ━ 費用には触れるが主障害として論じておらず、論点を矮小化している。

Collocation
パターン意味
entrench an advantage優位を固定化するInherited capital can entrench an advantage across generations.
erode acceptance of〜の受容を蝕むConsumerism may erode acceptance of human limits.
lies not in X but in Y危険はXでなくYにあるThe danger lies not in the tool but in its uses.
at the heart of〜の核心にFairness is at the heart of the debate.
across generations世代を超えてPrivilege can be transmitted across generations.
例文
  • The threat resides not in the science but in its social distribution.

    脅威は科学にではなく、その社会的分配のあり方にある。

  • Such interventions could ossify hierarchies once thought contingent.

    そうした介入は、かつては偶発的とされた階層を硬直化させうる。

  • What is at stake is our disposition toward the unchosen.

    問われているのは、選び取れぬものへの私たちの態度である。

  • The argument turns on consequences, not on the procedure itself.

    議論の要は手技そのものでなく、その帰結にある。

💡Tip · 覚えるコツ

主旨設問では、複数段落に共通して流れる「対比構造」(技術 vs 社会的帰結) を捉えると、一段落だけに当てはまる罠選択肢を排除できる。C2 では筆者が譲歩 (一部認める) を挟むため、「無条件に〜」「完全に禁止」などの極端な断定肢はほぼ誤り。

2

According to the passage, why does the author consider the analogy between genetic enhancement and education to be limited?

  • Because education has been proven harmless while enhancement carries documented genetic risks.
  • Because education cultivates capacities the child still must exercise through effort, whereas enhancement rewrites traits before any striving occurs.
  • Because education shapes only the mind while enhancement is concerned exclusively with physical strength.
  • Because education is universally accessible whereas enhancement could never be made available to the poor.
Phrase

教育との類比の限界

1級読解詳細教育との対比
ひとことで

教育は本人の努力を要するが、強化は努力以前に形質を書き換える点で異なる。

選択肢の解説Choice Analysis

Because education cultivates capacities the child still must exercise through effort, whereas enhancement rewrites traits before any striving occurs.

正解

本文は教育との類比を検討し、「教育は子が自ら行使すべき能力を育てるのに対し、強化はいかなる努力にも先立って形質を書き換える」と区別している。すなわち本人の主体的な努力 (striving) の介在の有無が決定的差異とされる。よって努力に言及した選択肢が正解。

  • Because education is very nearly universally accessible, whereas enhancement could never realistically be made available to the poor.

    = 教育は普遍的で強化は貧者に届かないから類比が崩れる ━ 本文の限界の根拠はアクセスでなく努力の有無であり論点がずれる。

  • Because education has been proven harmless while enhancement carries documented genetic risks.

    = 教育は無害と証明済みだから類比が成立しない ━ 本文は無害性の証明を根拠に挙げていない。

  • Because education shapes only the mind while enhancement is concerned exclusively with physical strength.

    = 教育は精神、強化は体力のみという区別 ━ 本文は領域の違いを類比限界の根拠としていない。

Collocation
パターン意味
draw an analogy betweenAとBを類比するCritics draw an analogy between enhancement and tutoring.
fall short of〜に及ばない/限界があるThe comparison falls short of capturing the difference.
prior to any effortいかなる努力にも先立ってTraits are altered prior to any effort.
cultivate a capacity能力を涵養するSchools cultivate capacities over years.
exercise a faculty能力を行使するThe student must still exercise the faculty herself.
例文
  • Tutoring develops a talent the pupil must still earn.

    指導は、生徒がなお自ら勝ち取らねばならない才能を伸ばす。

  • Enhancement, by contrast, presupposes nothing of the recipient.

    対照的に強化は、受け手に何も前提しない。

  • The disanalogy hinges on the role of striving.

    類比の不成立は努力の役割にかかっている。

  • Effort confers a desert that engineering bypasses.

    努力は功績を与えるが、工学はそれを迂回する。

💡Tip · 覚えるコツ

詳細設問では本文の「逆接マーカー (whereas, by contrast)」直後に核心情報が来やすい。類比 (analogy) を論じる文章では、筆者が「どの点で似て、どの点で違うか」を必ず線引きしているので、相違点の根拠語 (ここでは effort/striving) をピンポイントで照合する。

3

What does the passage indicate about the position of those who defend genetic enhancement?

  • They claim that enhancement is required to reverse a measurable decline in the human gene pool.
  • They frame it as a continuation of humanity's long-standing project of improving the human condition through medicine and reason.
  • They reject any moral limits on biotechnology as inherently superstitious.
  • They concede that it will inevitably deepen inequality but argue the benefits outweigh that cost.
Phrase

推進派の立場の描写

1級読解詳細推進派の論拠
ひとことで

推進派は強化を、医療と理性による人間改善の歴史的営みの延長と位置づける。

選択肢の解説Choice Analysis

They frame it as a continuation of humanity's long-standing project of improving the human condition through medicine and reason.

正解

本文は推進派 (proponents) について、「彼らは強化を、医学と理性を通じて人間の境遇を改善してきた長い営みの自然な延長と見なす」と説明している。よって歴史的連続性として枠づける選択肢が正解。inequality を認めて利益で正当化する、といった内容は推進派の描写として本文にない。

  • They concede that it will inevitably deepen existing inequality but argue that the benefits outweigh that cost.

    = 不平等の深化を認めつつ利益が上回ると主張する立場 ━ 本文は推進派がそのトレードオフを認めるとは述べていない。

  • They reject any moral limits on biotechnology as inherently superstitious.

    = 生命工学への一切の道徳的制約を迷信として拒む立場 ━ 本文の推進派描写にこの過激な否定は含まれない。

  • They claim that enhancement is required to reverse a measurable decline in the human gene pool.

    = 計測可能な遺伝子プールの衰退を回復させるため必要との主張 ━ 本文にそのような衰退論拠は登場しない。

Collocation
パターン意味
frame X as YXをYと枠づけるProponents frame enhancement as progress.
a continuation of〜の延長/継続It is a continuation of an old project.
improve the human condition人間の境遇を改善するMedicine has long sought to improve the human condition.
regard X as naturalXを当然と見なすThey regard the step as natural.
through reason and science理性と科学を通じてProgress comes through reason and science.
例文
  • Advocates cast it as the next chapter of medicine.

    擁護者はそれを医学の次章として描く。

  • For them, refusing it would be to abandon progress.

    彼らにとって、それを拒むことは進歩の放棄である。

  • The case rests on continuity with past triumphs.

    その論拠は過去の勝利との連続性に依拠する。

  • Vaccination, they note, once provoked similar fears.

    ワクチンもかつて同様の不安を呼んだ、と彼らは指摘する。

💡Tip · 覚えるコツ

「賛成派/反対派」を併記する論説では、各陣営の主張を取り違えさせる罠が頻出する。陣営を示す語 (proponents, advocates, critics, skeptics) を本文でマークし、設問が問う陣営の主張だけを抽出する。他陣営の主張を混ぜた肢が典型的誤答。

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