EigoPro 1級 読解 — The Inference of Inner Lives

For most of the twentieth century, behaviourist orthodoxy treated talk of animal minds as an indulgence: if subjective experience could not be measured, it had no legitimate place in rigorous science, and to speculate about it was to lapse into wishful thinking. That austerity has lately given way to a more permissive consensus. Confronted with corvids that fashion tools, cephalopods that exhibit individuated temperaments, and fish that appear to register pain rather than merely flinch reflexively from it, researchers now extend the presumption of sentience further down the phylogenetic tree than once seemed respectable. The 2012 Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness, signed by an eminent cohort of neuroscientists, codified this drift, asserting that the neural substrates of feeling are not the exclusive endowment of humankind.\nYet caution, not triumph, governs the prudent investigator. The evidential foundation for these attributions rests almost wholly on the argument from analogy: because a creature's behaviour and neurophysiology resemble our own, we infer that something like our felt experience accompanies them. The inference is seductive but treacherous, and its seductiveness is precisely what should give us pause. Resemblance is not identity, and convergent structures may discharge their functions without any attendant flicker of awareness, just as a thermostat regulates temperature while feeling nothing whatever. The philosopher confronts here the recalcitrant problem of other minds, magnified across the chasm that separates species: we cannot interrogate an octopus, nor it us, and introspection, our one direct acquaintance with consciousness, furnishes no privileged window onto a nervous system organised on so alien a plan.\nThe stakes of this epistemic predicament are far from academic. If our ascriptions are profligate, we risk a sentimental anthropomorphism that distorts the science; if niggardly, we may license suffering on an industrial scale under the comforting fiction that nobody is home. Prudence, then, counsels neither the credulous projection of human feeling nor its dogmatic denial, but a calibrated humility—an acknowledgement that the verdict, for now, must remain provisional, hostage to evidence we do not yet possess and perhaps can never wholly secure.

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この単元の問題を3問、解説つきで公開しています

1級 · 読解 · 全5

1

Which statement best captures the central argument of the passage?

  • Anthropomorphism is the gravest threat to modern science and should be eliminated from all research on animals.
  • Science increasingly grants animals inner experience, but the inferential basis for doing so remains philosophically insecure and demands restraint.
  • The argument from analogy reliably proves that animals possess the same conscious experiences as humans do.
  • Behaviourism has been definitively refuted, and animal consciousness is now an established scientific fact requiring no further qualification.
Phrase

caution, not triumph, governs the prudent investigator

1級読解主旨把握論旨
ひとことで

科学は動物の内的経験を徐々に認めつつあるが、その推論的根拠は哲学的に不安定で慎重さを要する。

選択肢の解説Choice Analysis

Science increasingly grants animals inner experience, but the inferential basis for doing so remains philosophically insecure and demands restraint.

正解

本文は行動主義の後退と感覚の認定拡大を述べる一方、第2・3段で「the evidential foundation...rests almost wholly on the argument from analogy」と弱点を指摘し、「caution, not triumph, governs the prudent investigator」と慎重さを説く。最終段は「calibrated humility」「provisional」と暫定性を強調する。したがって認定の進展と推論基盤の不安定さの両面が主旨である。

  • Behaviourism has been definitively refuted, and animal consciousness is now an established scientific fact requiring no further qualification.

    = 行動主義は完全に論破され動物意識は確立した事実だと言い切る ━ 本文は認定の拡大を認めつつも「provisional」「treacherous」と留保を重ねており、無条件の確立とは正反対である。

  • The argument from analogy reliably proves that animals possess the same conscious experiences as humans do.

    = 類推は人間と同じ意識を持つことを確実に証明すると述べる ━ 本文はアナロジーを「seductive but treacherous」「Resemblance is not identity」と評し、確実な証明とは見なしていない。

  • Anthropomorphism is the gravest threat to modern science and should be eliminated from all research on animals.

    = 擬人化は科学最大の脅威であり研究から一掃すべきだとする ━ 本文は擬人化(profligate)と過小評価(niggardly)の両極を等しく戒めており、一方の排除のみを主張してはいない。

Collocation
パターン意味
capture the central argument中心的論旨を捉えるHer summary fails to capture the central argument of the essay.
give way to a consensus合意へと取って代わるOld dogmas gradually gave way to a more nuanced consensus.
rest on an argumentある論拠に依拠するThe whole theory rests on an argument that few now accept.
demand restraint抑制を要求するSuch inflammatory data demand restraint in their interpretation.
remain provisional暫定的なままであるUntil replication, the findings must remain provisional.
例文
  • The verdict on animal sentience is at once advancing and philosophically fraught.

    動物の感覚をめぐる判断は、進展しつつ同時に哲学的に厄介である。

  • Permissive though the new consensus is, it carries an undercurrent of caution.

    新しい合意は寛容ではあるが、慎重さの底流を帯びている。

  • The author neither denies nor uncritically affirms inner experience in animals.

    著者は動物の内的経験を否定も無批判な肯定もしない。

  • Evidence, not enthusiasm, must settle the question of who feels.

    誰が感じるのかという問いは、熱意ではなく証拠が決すべきである。

💡Tip · 覚えるコツ

主旨設問では、本文が掲げる二面性(進展と留保)を両方含む選択肢を選ぶ。一面だけを誇張した極端な肢は誤りになりやすい。

2

According to the passage, what role did the 2012 Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness play?

  • It provided experimental proof that octopuses and fish are conscious in the human sense.
  • It rejected the argument from analogy as an unreliable basis for attributing sentience.
  • It was signed by philosophers seeking to revive behaviourist orthodoxy.
  • It formally articulated the growing view that the neural bases of feeling are not unique to humans.
Phrase

codified this drift

1級読解詳細把握
ひとことで

宣言は、感覚の神経的基盤が人間に固有ではないという潮流を公式に明文化した。

選択肢の解説Choice Analysis

It formally articulated the growing view that the neural bases of feeling are not unique to humans.

正解

本文は宣言が「codified this drift」、すなわち感覚拡大の流れを成文化したと述べ、「the neural substrates of feeling are not the exclusive endowment of humankind」と主張したと説明する。これは見解の明文化であり実験的証明ではない。署名者は神経科学者の集団であると明示される。

  • It provided experimental proof that octopuses and fish are conscious in the human sense.

    = タコや魚が人間的意味で意識を持つことを実験で証明したとする ━ 宣言は神経基盤に関する見解の「codified」であり、特定種の意識を実証する実験報告ではない。

  • It rejected the argument from analogy as an unreliable basis for attributing sentience.

    = 類推を感覚帰属の信頼できない根拠として却下したとする ━ アナロジー批判は第2段の著者の論であって、宣言の内容として本文に記されていない。

  • It was signed by philosophers seeking to revive behaviourist orthodoxy.

    = 行動主義復活を目指す哲学者が署名したとする ━ 本文は署名者を「an eminent cohort of neuroscientists」とし、哲学者でも行動主義復活でもない。

Collocation
パターン意味
codify a drift潮流を成文化するThe treaty codified a drift that had begun decades earlier.
sign a declaration宣言に署名するHundreds of scientists signed the declaration in a single week.
articulate a view見解を明確に述べるThe report articulates a view long held but rarely stated.
the exclusive endowment of〜だけに備わったものLanguage is not the exclusive endowment of one culture.
neural substrates of feeling感情の神経的基盤Researchers mapped the neural substrates of feeling in birds.
例文
  • The declaration crystallised a shift already under way in the field.

    その宣言は分野で既に進行中だった転換を結晶化させた。

  • Eminent signatories lent the statement considerable authority.

    著名な署名者たちが声明にかなりの権威を与えた。

  • What the document offered was consensus, not conclusive proof.

    その文書が提供したのは合意であって決定的証明ではなかった。

  • Feeling, it implied, has no monopoly held by our species.

    感情は我々の種が独占するものではない、とそれは示唆した。

💡Tip · 覚えるコツ

詳細設問は本文の語(ここでは codified, neuroscientists)に忠実に照合する。実験的「証明」など本文にない強い語を含む肢は要注意。

3

Why does the passage describe the argument from analogy as 'treacherous'?

  • Animals deliberately mimic human behaviour to deceive observers into attributing them minds.
  • Neuroscientists have shown that analogy always produces correct conclusions about other species.
  • Similar structures and behaviours may perform their functions without any accompanying conscious awareness.
  • Introspection gives humans direct and reliable access to the minds of other animals.
Phrase

convergent structures may discharge their functions without any attendant flicker of awareness

1級読解詳細把握
ひとことで

類似の構造や行動は、意識を伴わずにその機能を果たしうるから。

選択肢の解説Choice Analysis

Similar structures and behaviours may perform their functions without any accompanying conscious awareness.

正解

本文は「Resemblance is not identity」と述べ、「convergent structures may discharge their functions without any attendant flicker of awareness」と説明する。つまり外見や神経構造が似ていても、内的な意識経験を伴う保証はない。この乖離ゆえにアナロジーは「seductive but treacherous」とされる。

  • Animals deliberately mimic human behaviour to deceive observers into attributing them minds.

    = 動物が観察者を欺くため意図的に人間の行動を真似ると述べる ━ 本文は動物の意図的欺瞞には触れず、機能と意識の乖離を危険性の根拠としている。

  • Neuroscientists have shown that analogy always produces correct conclusions about other species.

    = 類推は他種について常に正しい結論を生むと神経科学者が示したとする ━ 本文は逆に「treacherous」と評し、類推が誤りうることを問題視している。

  • Introspection gives humans direct and reliable access to the minds of other animals.

    = 内省が他の動物の心への直接的で信頼できる窓口を与えると述べる ━ 本文は「introspection furnishes no privileged window」と明確に否定している。

Collocation
パターン意味
discharge a function機能を果たすEnzymes discharge their function even outside the cell.
an attendant flicker of awareness付随する意識の微光No attendant flicker of awareness need accompany the reflex.
seductive but treacherous魅力的だが危険なThe shortcut was seductive but treacherous.
resemblance is not identity類似は同一性ではないIn law as in biology, resemblance is not identity.
convergent structures収斂的な構造Wings in bats and insects are convergent structures.
例文
  • A machine may sort faces flawlessly yet experience nothing at all.

    機械は顔を完璧に分類しても、何ひとつ経験しないかもしれない。

  • Behavioural similarity tempts us toward unwarranted conclusions.

    行動の類似は、根拠なき結論へと我々を誘惑する。

  • Function and phenomenology can, in principle, come apart.

    機能と現象的経験は、原理的には乖離しうる。

  • The same output may issue from a mind or from mere mechanism.

    同じ出力が、心からも単なる機構からも生じうる。

💡Tip · 覚えるコツ

理由設問は本文中の対比(Resemblance is not identity)を手がかりに。問題文の語を言い換えただけで論理が逆の肢に注意。

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