EigoPro 1級 読解 — The Arithmetic of Accumulation

That wealth tends to concentrate is not a moral indictment but, some economists insist, an arithmetical inevitability. The argument is deceptively simple: when the average return on capital—rents, dividends, interest—persistently exceeds the rate of economic growth, those who already own assets see their fortunes compound faster than wages can ever climb. Over generations, inherited capital eclipses earned income, and the distribution of wealth grows ever more lopsided. A modest heir, doing nothing more strenuous than holding shares, may outpace a diligent worker who saves every spare yen. Proponents marshal centuries of meticulously assembled data to suggest that the relatively egalitarian decades following the World Wars were an aberration, not a trajectory—a parenthesis bracketed by catastrophes that destroyed capital and reshuffled the deck, after which the old gradient quietly reasserted itself. Yet to elevate this empirical regularity into an immutable law is to mistake a tendency for a destiny. Returns on capital are not handed down from the heavens; they are shaped by tax codes, inheritance rules, the bargaining power of labour, and the willingness of states to redistribute. Where progressive taxation bites and institutions are robust, the gap between return and growth narrows. The mechanism, in short, is real, but its outcome is contingent upon political will. The stakes transcend mere fairness. Extreme concentration corrodes the very dynamism that markets celebrate: when fortunes are entrenched rather than earned, meritocracy curdles into oligarchy, and the incentive to innovate dulls. Critics of intervention counter that confiscatory levies blunt the appetite for risk and drive capital offshore, and the rejoinder is not frivolous. But the dichotomy between unfettered accumulation and stifling redistribution is a false one. The pertinent question is not whether to act, but how deftly—calibrating policy so that capital remains productive without permitting it to ossify into a self-perpetuating aristocracy. To shrug and call inequality natural is to abdicate the choices that have always governed who prospers and who does not.

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この単元の問題を3問、解説つきで公開しています

1級 · 読解 · 全5

1

Which statement best captures the central argument of the passage?

  • Redistributive taxation is the sole cause of reduced economic dynamism in modern markets.
  • The tendency of wealth to concentrate is real but its severity depends on policy, not fate.
  • Wealth concentration is an unalterable mathematical law that no policy can soften.
  • The post-war decades prove that inequality has been steadily declining for a century.
Phrase

its outcome is contingent upon political will

1級読解主旨把握論旨
ひとことで

富の集中は現実の傾向だが、その帰結は政策次第だという両義的立場。

選択肢の解説Choice Analysis

The tendency of wealth to concentrate is real but its severity depends on policy, not fate.

正解

筆者はまず r>g により富が集中する仕組みを認めつつ、それを「不変の法則」へと祭り上げるのは「tendency を destiny と取り違えること」だと批判する。本文は "its outcome is contingent upon political will" と述べ、税制・相続規則・労働の交渉力が帰結を左右すると論じる。したがって傾向の実在と帰結の可変性を併せ持つ選択肢が主旨を最もよく捉える。

  • Wealth concentration is an unalterable mathematical law that no policy can soften.

    = 集中は政策で和らげられぬ数学的法則だとする見解 ━ 本文は "to elevate this empirical regularity into an immutable law" を明確に否定しており、この立場は筆者が論駁する対象である。。

  • The post-war decades prove that inequality has been steadily declining for a century.

    = 戦後の数十年は一世紀続く格差縮小を示すとする見解 ━ 本文は戦後の平等な時期を "an aberration, not a trajectory"(逸脱であり趨勢ではない)と位置づけており、減少傾向ではない。。

  • Redistributive taxation is the sole cause of reduced economic dynamism in modern markets.

    = 再分配課税こそが活力低下の唯一の原因とする見解 ━ 本文は再分配の弊害を介入批判者の主張として紹介するに留め、それを唯一の原因とは認めていない。。

Collocation
パターン意味
contingent upon XXに左右される・依存するThe verdict is contingent upon the new evidence.
mistake A for BAをBと取り違えるCritics mistake a tendency for a destiny.
transcend mere X単なるXを超えるThe stakes transcend mere fairness.
calibrate policy政策を微調整するLawmakers must calibrate policy to local conditions.
abdicate the choices選択を放棄するTo stay silent is to abdicate the choices before us.
例文
  • The forecast is contingent upon stable interest rates.

    予測は安定した金利に左右される。

  • Don't mistake politeness for genuine agreement.

    礼儀正しさを本心からの同意と取り違えてはならない。

  • Her ambitions transcend mere personal gain.

    彼女の野心は単なる私利を超えている。

  • Engineers calibrate the instrument before each test.

    技師は試験のたびに機器を微調整する。

💡Tip · 覚えるコツ

主旨設問では、筆者が「認める部分」と「退ける部分」の両方を含む選択肢を探す。一方だけを誇張した極論はたいてい罠。

2

According to the passage, how do proponents characterise the egalitarian decades that followed the World Wars?

  • As proof that capitalism naturally trends toward equality without intervention.
  • As the inevitable result of progressive taxation introduced before the wars.
  • As the period when returns on capital first began to exceed growth rates.
  • As an aberration caused by catastrophes that destroyed capital, not a lasting trend.
Phrase

a parenthesis bracketed by catastrophes that destroyed capital

1級読解詳細把握
ひとことで

戦後の平等期は資本を破壊した惨事に挟まれた括弧=一時的逸脱とされる。

選択肢の解説Choice Analysis

As an aberration caused by catastrophes that destroyed capital, not a lasting trend.

正解

本文は推進論者がその時期を "an aberration, not a trajectory" と見なし、さらに "a parenthesis bracketed by catastrophes that destroyed capital and reshuffled the deck" と表現すると述べる。つまり戦争という惨事が資本を破壊したために生じた一時的な例外であって、永続的趨勢ではないという理解である。

  • As proof that capitalism naturally trends toward equality without intervention.

    = 資本主義が介入なしに平等へ向かう証拠とする説 ━ 本文は逆に、その時期を趨勢ではなく逸脱と呼んでおり自然な平等化とはしていない。。

  • As the inevitable result of progressive taxation introduced before the wars.

    = 戦前に導入された累進課税の必然的結果とする説 ━ 平等期の原因として本文が挙げるのは戦争による資本破壊であり、戦前の課税ではない。。

  • As the period when returns on capital first began to exceed growth rates.

    = 資本収益が成長を上回り始めた時期とする説 ━ r>g はむしろ平時に集中を生む仕組みであり、平等期はその例外として描かれている。。

Collocation
パターン意味
an aberration, not a trajectory趨勢ではなく逸脱The boom was an aberration, not a trajectory.
bracketed by XXに挟まれたThe decade was bracketed by two recessions.
reshuffle the deck状況を一新する・配り直すWar reshuffled the deck of fortunes.
destroy capital資本を破壊するHyperinflation destroyed capital overnight.
a relatively egalitarian X比較的平等なXThey recalled a relatively egalitarian era.
例文
  • The quiet year was an aberration, not a trajectory.

    その静かな一年は趨勢ではなく逸脱だった。

  • His career was bracketed by two major awards.

    彼の経歴は二つの大きな受賞に挟まれていた。

  • A merger can reshuffle the deck for an entire industry.

    合併は業界全体の勢力図を一新しうる。

  • Reckless lending destroyed capital across the region.

    無謀な融資が地域中の資本を破壊した。

💡Tip · 覚えるコツ

詳細設問は本文の比喩表現(parenthesis, bracketed)を平易な語に言い換えた選択肢が正解になりやすい。比喩=逸脱・一時性の含意を押さえる。

3

What does the passage identify as factors that shape the return on capital?

  • The willingness of investors to move their capital to offshore havens.
  • The total destruction of capital during periods of war and catastrophe.
  • Tax codes, inheritance rules, labour's bargaining power, and states' willingness to redistribute.
  • The natural laws of mathematics that operate independently of human institutions.
Phrase

the bargaining power of labour

1級読解詳細把握
ひとことで

資本収益は税制・相続規則・労働の交渉力・国家の再分配意思に形作られる。

選択肢の解説Choice Analysis

Tax codes, inheritance rules, labour's bargaining power, and states' willingness to redistribute.

正解

本文は "Returns on capital are not handed down from the heavens; they are shaped by tax codes, inheritance rules, the bargaining power of labour, and the willingness of states to redistribute" と明示する。すなわち収益率は天与ではなく人為的な制度に左右されるという主張で、四要因を列挙した選択肢が正確に対応する。

  • The natural laws of mathematics that operate independently of human institutions.

    = 人間の制度から独立に働く数学的法則とする説 ━ 本文は収益が "not handed down from the heavens" と述べ、制度依存を強調するので天与の法則ではない。。

  • The total destruction of capital during periods of war and catastrophe.

    = 戦争・惨事による資本の全壊が収益を決めるとする説 ━ 資本破壊は戦後平等期の原因として触れられるだけで、平時の収益率を形作る要因の列挙ではない。。

  • The willingness of investors to move their capital to offshore havens.

    = 投資家が資本を租税回避地へ移す意思が収益を決めるとする説 ━ オフショア移転は介入批判者の反論として後段に出るのみで、収益率を形作る要因の列挙には含まれない。。

Collocation
パターン意味
be shaped by XXによって形作られるOutcomes are shaped by institutions.
the bargaining power of XXの交渉力The bargaining power of labour has eroded.
handed down from the heavens天与の・自明のPrices are not handed down from the heavens.
the willingness to redistribute再分配する意思Reform hinges on the willingness to redistribute.
progressive taxation累進課税Progressive taxation narrows the gap.
例文
  • Consumer habits are shaped by advertising.

    消費習慣は広告によって形作られる。

  • The bargaining power of tenants rose after the law passed.

    法案成立後、借家人の交渉力が高まった。

  • Wages are not handed down from the heavens.

    賃金は天から授かるものではない。

  • The treaty depended on each state's willingness to compromise.

    条約は各国の妥協する意思に懸かっていた。

💡Tip · 覚えるコツ

列挙型の詳細設問では、本文の and 連結リストを丸ごと拾う選択肢を選ぶ。一項目だけを切り出した選択肢は典型的なひっかけ。

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