問 1
This is the highly innovative manner ( ) the entire ambitious project was originally conceived and executed.
- that in
- in which
- in that
- which in
前置詞 + which (関係代名詞前置)
前置詞 + which / whom = 改まった書き言葉。前置詞を関係代名詞の直前に置く形。
「in which」
正解"This is the highly innovative manner ~ the entire ambitious project was originally conceived and executed" は前置詞前置 = 「in which」。形: 名詞 + 前置詞 + which/whom + S + V ━ 前置詞を関係代名詞の直前に置く (formal)。ポイント: 口語では The manner (which) ... in と前置詞を後置するが、C1 書き言葉では前置詞前置が標準。準1級頻出: in which / for which / to which / about which は論説文・契約書で必出。
「which in」
= 語順誤り ━ 前置詞は which の前 ━ 前置詞前置は in which、which in は不可。
「that in」
= that は前置詞前置不可 ━ 前置詞 + that は文法的に許されない、in which。
「in that」
= in that = 〜という点で (接続詞) ━ 関係代名詞前置は in which、in that は理由節。
✅ なぜ「in which」が正解? この文では manner (様態) を先行詞とし、節内で前置詞 in が必要な改まった書き言葉だから 「in which」 が正解。which in は語順誤り、that in は前置詞前置に that が使えず、in that は「〜という点で」の理由接続詞で文意に合わない。
| 形 | マーカー | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| in which | 場所・様態 | the way in which it works |
| for which | 目的・理由 | the reason for which |
| to which | 方向・対象 | the extent to which |
| about which | 話題 | the topic about which we spoke |
| 文型 | 形 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| 様態 | N + in which + S + V | the manner in which it was done |
| 程度 | the extent to which + S + V | the extent to which it succeeded |
| 理由 | the reason for which + S + V | the reason for which he resigned |
This is the highly innovative and unusual manner in which the entire ambitious research project was originally conceived and then carefully executed by the dedicated international team.
これは、献身的な国際チームによって、その野心的な研究プロジェクト全体が当初構想され、その後慎重に実行された、非常に革新的で異例な様態だ。
The committee carefully examined the precise extent to which the controversial new economic policy had actually affected ordinary working families across the entire struggling nation.
委員会は、その物議を醸す新しい経済政策が、苦しむ国全体の普通の働く家庭に実際にどの程度影響を与えたかを慎重に調査した。
The eminent professor described in vivid detail the fascinating historical circumstances under which the ancient lost civilization had eventually risen, flourished, and then mysteriously collapsed.
著名な教授は、古代の失われた文明が最終的に台頭し、繁栄し、その後謎めいて崩壊した魅力的な歴史的状況を生き生きと詳細に描写した。
There are several fundamental ethical principles upon which our entire democratic legal system has been carefully and deliberately founded over many long centuries.
私たちの民主的法制度全体が、何世紀もの長い年月をかけて慎重かつ意図的に築かれてきた、いくつかの基本的な倫理原則がある。
The lengthy formal report clearly outlined the specific conditions under which the international company would reluctantly agree to fully terminate the longstanding business contract.
その長い正式な報告書は、その会社が長年のビジネス契約を完全に終了させることに渋々同意するであろう具体的な条件を明確に概説した。
- 前置詞 + 関係代名詞 (準1級 書き言葉鉄板)
★ in which / for which / to which / under which = formal、前置詞前置 ★ 口語は前置詞後置 (the way it works) ━ register の差
- 典型ミス
★ ✗ 前置詞 + that (in that は別物=理由) ★ ◯ 前置詞 + which/whom ━ that は前置詞前置不可。論説文: the extent to which / the manner in which は学術頻出