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関係詞の高度用法: 前置詞 + which / 前置詞 + whom / 数量詞 + of whom / 数量詞 + of which / , which / whose / whatever / whoever / however + 形容詞/副詞 / the reason why / 関係副詞の省略 / 関係代名詞 what / 非制限の関係副詞 , where / , when / 前置詞 + which による所有 / whichever / as which/who ━ CEFR C1

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この単元の問題を3問、解説つきで公開しています

準1級 · 文法 · 全15

1

This is the highly innovative manner ( ) the entire ambitious project was originally conceived and executed.

  • that in
  • in which
  • in that
  • which in
Pattern

前置詞 + which (関係代名詞前置)

準1級文法前置詞+関係代名詞書き言葉
ひとことで

前置詞 + which / whom = 改まった書き言葉。前置詞を関係代名詞の直前に置く形。

選択肢の解説Choice Analysis

in which

正解

"This is the highly innovative manner ~ the entire ambitious project was originally conceived and executed" は前置詞前置 = 「in which」: 名詞 + 前置詞 + which/whom + S + V ━ 前置詞を関係代名詞の直前に置く (formal)。ポイント: 口語では The manner (which) ... in と前置詞を後置するが、C1 書き言葉では前置詞前置が標準。準1級頻出: in which / for which / to which / about which は論説文・契約書で必出。

  • which in

    = 語順誤り ━ 前置詞は which の前 ━ 前置詞前置は in which、which in は不可。

  • that in

    = that は前置詞前置不可 ━ 前置詞 + that は文法的に許されない、in which。

  • in that

    = in that = 〜という点で (接続詞) ━ 関係代名詞前置は in which、in that は理由節。

✅ なぜ「in which」が正解? この文では manner (様態) を先行詞とし、節内で前置詞 in が必要な改まった書き言葉だから 「in which」 が正解。which in は語順誤り、that in は前置詞前置に that が使えず、in that は「〜という点で」の理由接続詞で文意に合わない。

活用 (主語別 / 時制別)
マーカー
in which場所・様態the way in which it works
for which目的・理由the reason for which
to which方向・対象the extent to which
about which話題the topic about which we spoke
文型バリエーション
文型
様態N + in which + S + Vthe manner in which it was done
程度the extent to which + S + Vthe extent to which it succeeded
理由the reason for which + S + Vthe reason for which he resigned
例文
  • This is the highly innovative and unusual manner in which the entire ambitious research project was originally conceived and then carefully executed by the dedicated international team.

    これは、献身的な国際チームによって、その野心的な研究プロジェクト全体が当初構想され、その後慎重に実行された、非常に革新的で異例な様態だ。

  • The committee carefully examined the precise extent to which the controversial new economic policy had actually affected ordinary working families across the entire struggling nation.

    委員会は、その物議を醸す新しい経済政策が、苦しむ国全体の普通の働く家庭に実際にどの程度影響を与えたかを慎重に調査した。

  • The eminent professor described in vivid detail the fascinating historical circumstances under which the ancient lost civilization had eventually risen, flourished, and then mysteriously collapsed.

    著名な教授は、古代の失われた文明が最終的に台頭し、繁栄し、その後謎めいて崩壊した魅力的な歴史的状況を生き生きと詳細に描写した。

  • There are several fundamental ethical principles upon which our entire democratic legal system has been carefully and deliberately founded over many long centuries.

    私たちの民主的法制度全体が、何世紀もの長い年月をかけて慎重かつ意図的に築かれてきた、いくつかの基本的な倫理原則がある。

  • The lengthy formal report clearly outlined the specific conditions under which the international company would reluctantly agree to fully terminate the longstanding business contract.

    その長い正式な報告書は、その会社が長年のビジネス契約を完全に終了させることに渋々同意するであろう具体的な条件を明確に概説した。

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  • 前置詞 + 関係代名詞 (準1級 書き言葉鉄板)

    ★ in which / for which / to which / under which = formal、前置詞前置 ★ 口語は前置詞後置 (the way it works) ━ register の差

  • 典型ミス

    ★ ✗ 前置詞 + that (in that は別物=理由) ★ ◯ 前置詞 + which/whom ━ that は前置詞前置不可。論説文: the extent to which / the manner in which は学術頻出

2

She is the remarkably talented colleague ( ) I have closely collaborated on numerous demanding projects.

  • with that
  • with who
  • whom with
  • with whom
Pattern

前置詞 + whom (人の前置詞前置)

準1級文法前置詞+関係代名詞
ひとことで

前置詞 + whom = 人を先行詞とする前置詞前置。formal。who/that は前置詞前置不可。

選択肢の解説Choice Analysis

with whom

正解

"She is the remarkably talented colleague ~ I have closely collaborated on numerous demanding projects" は人の前置詞前置 = 「with whom」: 人 + 前置詞 + whom + S + V ━ 人を先行詞とし前置詞を whom の前に置く (formal)。ポイント: 前置詞前置では必ず whom (who 不可)、口語は the colleague (who) ... with と後置。準1級頻出: with whom / to whom / for whom / of whom は推薦状・論説で必出。

  • with who

    = 前置詞前置に who 不可 ━ 前置詞前置は with whom、who は主格。

  • with that

    = that は前置詞前置不可 ━ 前置詞 + that は不可、with whom。

  • whom with

    = 語順誤り ━ 前置詞前置 ━ 前置詞は whom の前、with whom。

✅ なぜ「with whom」が正解? この文では人 (colleague) を先行詞とし、collaborate with の前置詞 with を前置する formal 構文だから 「with whom」 が正解。with who は前置詞前置に who 不可、with that も that 不可、whom with は語順誤り。

活用 (主語別 / 時制別)
マーカー
with whom同伴・協働the person with whom I work
to whom対象・宛先the client to whom I wrote
for whom受益者the people for whom we care
of whom部分・所属the students, many of whom
文型バリエーション
文型
協働N + with whom + S + Vthe colleague with whom I work
宛先N + to whom + S + Vthe manager to whom I reported
受益N + for whom + S + Vthe children for whom it was built
例文
  • She is the remarkably talented and reliable senior colleague with whom I have closely and successfully collaborated on numerous demanding international projects over the past several years.

    彼女は、過去数年にわたり数多くの厳しい国際プロジェクトで私が密接かつ成功裏に協働してきた、驚くほど才能があり信頼できる先輩同僚だ。

  • The distinguished elderly diplomat to whom the urgent confidential letter had been carefully addressed was unfortunately abroad attending an important summit at that critical time.

    その緊急の機密書簡が慎重に宛てられた著名な高齢の外交官は、残念ながらその重大な時期に重要な首脳会議に出席するため海外にいた。

  • These are precisely the kind of dedicated volunteers for whom this prestigious annual community service award was originally and thoughtfully created many decades ago.

    これらはまさに、この権威ある年次地域奉仕賞が何十年も前に当初思慮深く創設された対象となる献身的なボランティアの種類の人々だ。

  • The respected old gentleman about whom the curious local journalists had written so many sensational articles turned out to be surprisingly humble, kind, and remarkably ordinary.

    好奇心旺盛な地元のジャーナリストたちが非常に多くのセンセーショナルな記事を書いた、その尊敬される老紳士は、驚くほど謙虚で親切で著しく普通であることが判明した。

  • I would like to sincerely thank the generous anonymous benefactor without whom this entire ambitious educational charity project simply could never have been successfully realized at all.

    この野心的な教育慈善プロジェクト全体が、その人なしには決して成功裏に実現できなかったであろう、寛大な匿名の篤志家に心から感謝したい。

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  • 前置詞 + whom (準1級 書き言葉鉄板)

    ★ with whom / to whom / for whom / of whom = formal、前置詞前置では必ず whom ★ who は主格のみ、前置詞前置不可 ━ register の標識

  • 口語 vs 書き言葉

    ★ 口語: the person (who) I work with ★ 書き言葉: the person with whom I work ━ 同義、格式が違う。推薦状・論説で頻出

3

The company recently hired fifty enthusiastic new graduates, ( ) had absolutely no prior professional work experience whatsoever.

  • many of them
  • many of who
  • many of which
  • many of whom
Pattern

数量詞 + of whom (非制限・人)

準1級文法非制限数量詞+of whom
ひとことで

, 数量詞 + of whom = 非制限用法で集団を分割。many/some/most/all/none of whom。

選択肢の解説Choice Analysis

many of whom

正解

"The company recently hired fifty enthusiastic new graduates, ~ had absolutely no prior professional work experience whatsoever" は非制限分割 = 「many of whom」: 先行詞, 数量詞 (many/some/most/all/none) + of + whom + V ━ 非制限で集団を部分に分ける。ポイント: コンマ必須、人は of whom / 物は of which、関係詞節に独自の動詞が続く。準1級頻出: many of whom / some of which は論説・報道で集団内訳を示す定番。

  • many of them

    = them は代名詞 ━ 関係詞節を作れない ━ 節を繋ぐのは of whom、them は別文必要。

  • many of who

    = 前置詞 of の後は whom ━ of の後は目的格 whom、who は不可。

  • many of which

    = which は物用 ━ 人は whom ━ 人の先行詞は of whom、of which は物。

✅ なぜ「many of whom」が正解? この文では graduates (人) という集団を非制限で部分分割し、節に独自の動詞 had が続くから 「many of whom」 が正解。many of them は代名詞でコンマスプライス、many of who は of の後で目的格 whom が必要、many of which は物用で人に使えない。

活用 (主語別 / 時制別)
マーカー
many of whom多く (人)guests, many of whom
some of whom一部 (人)students, some of whom
most of whom大半 (人)voters, most of whom
none of whom誰も〜ないapplicants, none of whom
文型バリエーション
文型
多数分割N, many of whom + Vfifty graduates, many of whom had no experience
一部分割N, some of whom + Vthe guests, some of whom left early
全否定分割N, none of whom + Vthe candidates, none of whom qualified
例文
  • The rapidly growing technology company recently hired fifty enthusiastic young new graduates, many of whom had absolutely no prior professional work experience whatsoever in the demanding industry.

    その急成長するテクノロジー企業は最近、熱心な若い新卒者50人を採用したが、その多くはその厳しい業界での専門的な職務経験がそれまで全くなかった。

  • Over two hundred concerned local residents attended the heated public meeting last night, most of whom strongly and vocally opposed the controversial new highway construction plan.

    昨夜、200人を超える懸念する地元住民がその白熱した公開会議に出席したが、その大半は物議を醸す新しい高速道路建設計画に強く声高に反対した。

  • The famous author dedicated her latest bestselling novel to her devoted lifelong readers, some of whom had faithfully followed her remarkable literary career for well over thirty years.

    その有名な作家は最新のベストセラー小説を、その忠実な生涯の読者に捧げたが、その一部は彼女の著しい文学的キャリアを30年以上忠実に追ってきた。

  • The prestigious scholarship committee carefully interviewed forty exceptionally bright candidates, all of whom had genuinely impressive academic records and admirable personal achievements.

    その権威ある奨学金委員会は、並外れて優秀な40人の候補者を慎重に面接したが、その全員が真に印象的な学業記録と立派な個人的業績を持っていた。

  • The veteran teacher proudly watched her former students graduate, none of whom she would ever truly forget despite the passing of so many long and busy years.

    そのベテラン教師は元教え子たちが卒業するのを誇らしげに見守ったが、非常に多くの長く忙しい歳月が過ぎ去ったにもかかわらず、その誰一人として本当に忘れることはないだろう。

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  • 数量詞 + of whom (準1級 書き言葉鉄板)

    ★ many/some/most/all/none + of + whom (人) / of which (物) ★ コンマ必須の非制限用法 ━ 集団を部分に分ける

  • 典型ミス

    ★ ✗ ..., many of them V (them は節を作れない=コンマスプライス) ★ ◯ ..., many of whom V ━ 関係詞のみが節を繋ぐ。論説・報道で内訳描写に必出

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