問 1
( ) the ambitious project had clearly been planned for many months, it ultimately failed for several unforeseen reasons.
- In spite
- Although
- Despite
- However
although + S + V (〜だけれども / 譲歩節)
although + S + V = 「〜だけれども」。実際に成立している事実を譲歩する従属接続詞。
「Although」
正解"~ the ambitious project had clearly been planned for many months, it ultimately failed for several unforeseen reasons" は事実の譲歩 = 「Although」。形: Although + S + V, 主節。although は完全な節を導く従属接続詞。ポイント: although は「実際にそうである事実」に逆らう主節を続ける。文中・文頭どちらも可。準1級頻出: although は C1 でも論説・報告の譲歩構文として必出の基本。
「Despite」
= 前置詞 (〜にもかかわらず) ━ 名詞句のみ、節を取らない ━ 節を導くのは Although、Despite は名詞句専用。
「In spite」
= 前置詞句の断片 ━ of N が必須で節を取れない ━ 節は Although、In spite of + 名詞のみ。
「However」
= 接続副詞 ━ 節を従属させない (; however,) ━ 従属節は Although、However は独立節をつなぐ副詞。
✅ なぜ「Although」が正解? この文では「計画されていた(事実)けれども失敗した」と成立済みの事実を譲歩するので 「Although」 が正解。Although は完全な節を取る。Despite は前置詞で名詞句のみ取り節を取れず、In spite は of が必須の前置詞句、However は接続副詞で節を従属させられない。
| 形 | マーカー | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| Although + S + V | 事実の譲歩 | Although it rained, we went. |
| 文中の although | 主節, although S V | We went, although it rained. |
| = even though | より強い譲歩 | even though it rained hard |
| vs Despite + N | 前置詞 + 名詞句 | Despite the rain, we went. |
| 文型 | 形 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| 文頭の譲歩 | Although S V, S V | Although he was tired, he kept working. |
| 文中の譲歩 | S V, although S V | He kept working, although he was tired. |
| 名詞句版との対 | Although S V = Despite + N | Despite his fatigue, he kept working. |
Although the wildly ambitious urban redevelopment project had clearly been carefully planned for many long months, it ultimately failed completely for several entirely unforeseen reasons.
その途方もなく野心的な都市再開発計画は何ヶ月もかけて明らかに慎重に計画されていたけれども、結局いくつかの全く予期せぬ理由で完全に失敗した。
Although the elderly professor had patiently explained the difficult abstract concept in great detail several times, most of the confused students still struggled to grasp it fully.
年配の教授は難解で抽象的な概念を何度も詳しく辛抱強く説明したけれども、混乱した学生の大半は依然としてそれを完全に把握するのに苦労した。
Although our small family
run restaurant has never once advertised in any local newspaper or magazine, it has somehow remained remarkably popular and consistently busy for over thirty years. — 私たちの小さな家族経営のレストランは地元の新聞や雑誌に一度も広告を出したことがないけれども、なぜか30年以上にわたって驚くほど人気で常に賑わい続けている。
Although the experienced mountain guide had repeatedly warned the eager tourists about the rapidly worsening weather, they stubbornly insisted on continuing up toward the dangerous summit.
経験豊富な山岳ガイドは急速に悪化する天候について熱心な観光客に繰り返し警告していたけれども、彼らは頑固に危険な頂上へ登り続けることを主張した。
Although the newly elected government had solemnly promised sweeping economic reform during the heated campaign, it quietly abandoned most of those bold pledges within the first year.
新しく選ばれた政府は白熱した選挙運動中に大胆な経済改革を厳粛に約束したけれども、最初の1年でその大胆な公約の大半を静かに放棄した。
- although (準1級 基本譲歩)
★ Although + S + V = 〜だけれども (成立済みの事実) ★ 文頭・文中どちらも可 ━ 論説の譲歩構文の核
- 名詞句版との対
★ Although S V ↔ Despite/In spite of + N ━ 後ろが節か名詞句かで使い分け
- ミス防止
although の文に but を重ねない (Although ~ , but ~ は和製英語的誤り、主節に but 不要)