問 1
( ) the long-delayed rescue team finally reached the remote village, the trapped survivors had already waited three full days.
- by the time
- during
- by
- until
by the time (S V) ~ (〜する頃には / 期限・完了)
by the time + S + 現在形 = 「〜する頃までには」。主節は未来完了 (will have pp) を取りやすい。
「by the time」
正解"~ the long-delayed rescue team finally reached the remote village, the trapped survivors had already waited three full days" は時の副詞節 = 「by the time」。形: by the time + S + V (現在形/過去形) + 主節 (will have pp / had pp)。期限までの完了を示す。ポイント: 「〜する頃には(もう)」と完了の締切を表す。主節は完了形と相性が良い。準1級頻出: by the time の完了照応は C1 鉄板、時制の組合せが問われる。
「until」
= 継続の終点 (〜まで) ━ 完了の期限を表さない ━ 完了の期限は by the time、until は動作の継続の終点。
「by」
= 前置詞 ━ 節 (S V) を取れない ━ 節を導くのは by the time、by 単独は名詞のみ。
「during」
= 前置詞 (〜の間) ━ 名詞句専用で節不可 ━ 節は by the time、during は名詞句のみ。
✅ なぜ「by the time」が正解? この文では「救助隊が到着する頃には(もう3日待っていた)」と完了の期限を表すので 「by the time」 が正解。until は継続の終点で完了の期限を表さず、by は前置詞で節を取れず、during は前置詞で名詞句専用。
| 形 | マーカー | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| by the time + S 現在形 | 主節 = will have pp | By the time you arrive, I will have finished. |
| by the time + S 過去形 | 主節 = had pp | By the time we got there, it had closed. |
| by then | 副詞句 (その頃には) | By then, everyone had left. |
| vs until | until = 継続の終点 | Wait until I call you. |
| 文型 | 形 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| 未来完了との照応 | By the time S V(現在), S will have pp | By the time he wakes, we will have gone. |
| 過去完了との照応 | By the time S V(過去), S had pp | By the time I called, she had left. |
| 期限の強調 | By the time ~, already / by then | By the time we knew, it was already too late. |
By the time the long
delayed international rescue team finally reached the remote flooded mountain village, the exhausted trapped survivors had already anxiously waited three full days. — 長く遅れた国際救助隊がようやく辺鄙な洪水の山村に到達した頃には、疲れ切って閉じ込められた生存者たちはすでに不安げに丸3日間待っていた。
By the time my forgetful older brother eventually remembers to renew his expired passport, the cheap early
booking discount for the flights will almost certainly have completely disappeared. — 忘れっぽい兄が結局期限切れのパスポートを更新するのを思い出す頃には、航空券の安い早期予約割引はほぼ確実に完全に消えているだろう。
By the time the slow careful committee finally approves the urgently needed new policy, the original pressing problem it was designed to solve may well have changed entirely.
遅く慎重な委員会がようやく緊急に必要な新政策を承認する頃には、それが解決するはずだった元の差し迫った問題はすっかり変わってしまっているかもしれない。
By the time the heavy rush
hour traffic finally cleared and we crawled into the parking lot, the popular concert we had so eagerly anticipated had unfortunately already begun. — 混雑したラッシュアワーの渋滞がようやく緩和して駐車場にのろのろ入った頃には、私たちがあれほど熱望していた人気のコンサートは残念ながらすでに始まっていた。
By the time today's curious schoolchildren reach their own retirement age, ordinary daily technology will undoubtedly have advanced in ways that we can scarcely even imagine now.
今日の好奇心旺盛な学童たちが自分の定年に達する頃には、日常の普通の技術は今ではほとんど想像すらできない形で間違いなく進歩しているだろう。
- by the time (準1級 鉄板)
★ by the time + 現在形 → 主節 will have pp (未来完了) ★ by the time + 過去形 → 主節 had pp (過去完了) ━ 完了形との照応を見抜く
- 時の副詞節中は未来も現在形
✗ by the time you will arrive → ◯ by the time you arrive
- vs until
by the time=完了の期限、until=継続の終点 (Wait until ~)