EigoPro 準1級 文法 — HedgingStance

ヘッジ・話者態度: It seems / appears that S V / S seem / appear to V / S seem / appear to have pp / tend to V / would tend to V / There is a tendency for ... to V / be likely to V / be unlikely to V / be bound to V / be apt to V / It is likely / probable that S V / apparently / seemingly / tend to be 形容詞 / be liable to V / S happen / prove / turn out to V ━ CEFR C1

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この単元の問題を3問、解説つきで公開しています

準1級 · 文法 · 全15

1

It ( ) that the ambitious new policy has quietly failed to achieve any of its stated economic goals.

  • feels
  • seems
  • looks
  • shows
Pattern

It seems / appears that S V (非人称のヘッジ)

準1級文法ヘッジ話者の確信度緩和非人称 it 構文
ひとことで

It seems / appears that S V = 「〜のようだ」。断定を避け、根拠に基づく控えめな推測を示す非人称構文。

選択肢の解説Choice Analysis

seems

正解

"It ~ that the ambitious new policy has quietly failed to achieve any of its stated economic goals" は非人称のヘッジ = 「seems」: It seems / appears + that 節 = 「(状況から見て) 〜のようだ」。主語 it は形式主語で、that 節が真の内容。ポイント: 直接断定する代わりに seem/appear を挟むことで、話者は判断の余地を残す (hedging)。準1級頻出: It seems that は C1 鉄板、論説・報告で確信度を下げて述べる定番。

  • looks

    = look ━ that 節を直接取れない (looks like が必要) ━ It seems that が標準、It looks that は非文 (looks like なら可)。

  • feels

    = feel (感覚) ━ it feels that は非標準のヘッジ ━ 非人称ヘッジは seems、feels は身体・感情の感覚。

  • shows

    = show (示す) ━ 客観提示で話者の推測ヘッジにならない ━ ヘッジは seems、shows は「証拠が示す」で断定的。

✅ なぜ「seems」が正解? この文では「(根拠から) 政策が失敗したようだ」と断定を避けてヘッジするので 「seems」 が正解。It seems that S V の形を作れるのは seem/appear。looks は look like that とは言わず that 節を直接取れず、feels は感覚で it feels that は非標準、shows は他動詞で it shows that は「示す」で話者のヘッジにならない。

活用 (主語別 / 時制別)
マーカー
It seems that S V〜のようだ (現在)It seems that he is busy.
It seemed that S V〜のようだった (過去)It seemed that they had left.
It appears that S V= seems (やや堅い)It appears that costs have risen.
It would seem thatさらに控えめIt would seem that we were wrong.
文型バリエーション
文型
非人称 + that 節It seems that S VIt seems that prices are rising.
過去形のヘッジIt seemed that S had ppIt seemed that he had forgotten.
二重ヘッジIt would seem that S VIt would seem that demand is falling.
例文
  • It honestly seems that the ambitious new government economic policy has quietly failed to achieve almost any of its loudly stated long

    term goals. — 正直なところ、野心的な新政府の経済政策は、大々的に掲げた長期目標のほとんど何一つ静かに達成できなかったようだ。

  • From the disappointing quarterly figures, it clearly seems that consumer confidence in the struggling housing market has weakened considerably over the past year.

    失望させる四半期の数字から、苦境にある住宅市場への消費者の信頼が過去1年でかなり弱まったことは明らかなようだ。

  • It seems that the two long

    quarreling neighboring countries have finally reached some kind of fragile but genuinely promising diplomatic understanding. — 長年いがみ合っていた隣国2国が、ついに脆いが本当に有望な何らかの外交的合意に達したようだ。

  • Despite all the early optimistic predictions, it now seems that the experimental treatment offers no measurable benefit to the seriously ill patients.

    初期の楽観的な予測の全てにもかかわらず、その実験的治療は重病の患者に測定可能な利益をもたらさないように今では見える。

  • It seems that nobody on the entire crowded committee had actually bothered to read the lengthy and rather technical proposal beforehand.

    混雑した委員会の誰一人として、長く技術的な提案書を事前に実際に読もうとしなかったようだ。

💡Tip · 覚えるコツ
  • It seems / appears that (準1級 鉄板)

    ★ 断定を避けるヘッジ ★ It seems that = It appears that (appear はやや堅い・書き言葉) ━ 論説・報告で多用

  • 二重ヘッジ

    ★ It would seem that = さらに控えめ・婉曲 ━ 反論を予期した慎重な主張に

  • vs look

    look は that 節不可 (It looks like that S V は非文、It looks as if なら可)

  • 否定の位置

    It seems that S does not V (内容を否定) ≠ It does not seem that S V (推測自体を否定)

2

The remarkably perceptive young manager seems ( ) exactly what motivates each individual member of her team.

  • understand
  • to understand
  • understanding
  • understood
Pattern

S seem / appear to V (主語繰り上げのヘッジ)

準1級文法ヘッジ主語繰り上げseem to 不定詞
ひとことで

S seem / appear to V = It seems that S V の繰り上げ形。主語を前に出し to 不定詞で続ける。

選択肢の解説Choice Analysis

to understand

正解

"The remarkably perceptive young manager seems ~ exactly what motivates each individual member of her team" は主語繰り上げ = 「to understand」: It seems that S V → S seem / appear to V (主語繰り上げ raising)。seem の後は to 不定詞。ポイント: that 節の主語を文頭に引き上げ、動詞を to V にする。意味は非人称構文と等価。準1級頻出: seem to V は C1 鉄板、自然で洗練されたヘッジの主流。

  • understand

    = 原形のみ ━ seem の後の to が欠落 ━ seem to V には to が必須、seems to understand。

  • understanding

    = 動名詞・現在分詞 ━ seem to + 原形に合わない ━ seem の後は to + 原形、動名詞不可。

  • understood

    = 過去分詞 ━ 能動・現在の状態を表せない ━ 現在の状態は to understand、understood は受動・完了。

✅ なぜ「to understand」が正解? この文では「(チームの何が動機づけるかを) 理解しているようだ」を seem の繰り上げで表すので to 不定詞 「to understand」 が正解。seem/appear の後は to V。understand (原形) は to が抜け、understanding は動名詞・分詞で seem to 構文に合わず、understood は過去分詞で能動の現在の状態を表せない。

活用 (主語別 / 時制別)
マーカー
S seem to V= It seems that S VHe seems to know.
S appear to V= It appears that S VShe appears to agree.
S seem to be 形容詞状態の繰り上げThey seem to be tired.
S seem to have pp過去への繰り上げHe seems to have left.
文型バリエーション
文型
繰り上げ (現在)S seem to VThey seem to enjoy it.
繰り上げ (状態)S seem to be 形容詞He seems to be unhappy.
非人称との等価It seems that S V = S seem to VIt seems he knows = He seems to know.
例文
  • The remarkably perceptive and genuinely caring young department manager seems to understand exactly what privately motivates each individual member of her diverse team.

    驚くほど洞察力があり本当に思いやりのある若い部長は、多様なチームの各メンバーを個人的に何が動機づけるかを正確に理解しているようだ。

  • After years of patient careful negotiation, the two rival corporations now appear to share a surprisingly large amount of common strategic ground.

    何年もの忍耐強く慎重な交渉の末、2つのライバル企業は今や驚くほど多くの戦略的共通点を持っているように見える。

  • My usually energetic elderly grandmother seems to grow just a little quieter and more thoughtful with each passing peaceful winter.

    いつもは元気な高齢の祖母は、穏やかな冬が一つ過ぎるごとに、ほんの少しずつ物静かで思慮深くなっていくようだ。

  • The cautious investors seem to prefer steady predictable returns over the wildly exciting but dangerously volatile promises of the new startup.

    慎重な投資家たちは、新興企業の途方もなく刺激的だが危険なほど不安定な約束よりも、安定した予測可能なリターンを好むようだ。

  • Despite the harsh public criticism, the determined author appears to remain completely unshaken in her deeply held controversial beliefs.

    厳しい世間の批判にもかかわらず、決意ある著者は深く抱く物議を醸す信念において全く揺るがないままのようだ。

💡Tip · 覚えるコツ
  • 主語繰り上げ seem to V (準1級 鉄板)

    ★ It seems that S V ⇔ S seem(s) to V ★ seem/appear の後は to + 原形 ━ より自然で洗練されたヘッジ。状態と完了 ★ seem to be 形容詞 (状態) / seem to have pp (過去への言及、後出パターン参照)

  • 繰り上げの注意

    raising 動詞 (seem/appear/happen/turn out) は主語を意味的に支配しない (虚辞 it も可)

3

The previous management team appears ( ) several serious strategic errors during the difficult economic downturn.

  • to have making
  • to making
  • to have made
  • to make
Pattern

S seem / appear to have pp (過去への繰り上げ)

準1級文法ヘッジ過去への言及seem to 完了不定詞
ひとことで

S seem to have pp = It seems that S V(過去/完了) の繰り上げ。「(過去に) 〜したようだ」。

選択肢の解説Choice Analysis

to have made

正解

"The previous management team appears ~ several serious strategic errors during the difficult economic downturn" は過去への繰り上げ = 「to have made」: It seems that S made / has made → S seem / appear to have pp (完了不定詞)。ポイント: seem の時制 (現在) と内容の時制 (過去) がずれるとき、完了不定詞 to have pp で過去を示す。準1級頻出: seem to have pp は C1 鉄板、過去の出来事を控えめに推定する定番。

  • to make

    = 単純不定詞 ━ seem と同時 (現在) で過去を表せない ━ 過去への言及は to have pp、to make は同時・現在。

  • to making

    = to + 動名詞 ━ 非文 ━ to の後は原形、to + ing は不可。

  • to have making

    = have + 動名詞 ━ 完了形を作れない ━ 完了不定詞は to have pp、have + ing は誤り。

✅ なぜ「to have made」が正解? この文では「(現時点で振り返ると、過去に) 戦略的誤りを犯したようだ」と現在から過去を推定するので完了不定詞 「to have made」 が正解。to make は単純不定詞で現在・同時の意味になり過去とずれ、to making は to + 動名詞で非文、to have making は have + 動名詞で完了形を作れない。

活用 (主語別 / 時制別)
マーカー
S seem to V現在・同時He seems to be tired now.
S seem to have pp過去・完了He seems to have left already.
S seemed to have pp過去のさらに前 (大過去)He seemed to have forgotten.
It seems that S pp非人称の等価It seems that he made errors.
文型バリエーション
文型
過去への繰り上げS seem to have ppThey seem to have won.
否定S seem not to have ppHe seems not to have noticed.
非人称との等価It seems that S pp = S seem to have ppIt seems he forgot = He seems to have forgotten.
例文
  • The previous senior management team clearly appears to have made several genuinely serious strategic errors during the long and difficult economic downturn.

    前の上級経営陣は、長く困難な景気後退の間に、いくつかの本当に深刻な戦略的誤りを犯したように明らかに見える。

  • Judging from the dusty untouched furniture, the mysterious old tenants seem to have left the small apartment in a tremendous hurry many months ago.

    埃をかぶった手つかずの家具から判断すると、謎めいた以前の借主たちは何ヶ月も前に大慌てで小さなアパートを去ったようだ。

  • The ancient civilization appears to have developed a surprisingly sophisticated system of writing long before any of its neighboring cultures did.

    その古代文明は、近隣のどの文化よりもずっと前に、驚くほど洗練された文字体系を発達させたように見える。

  • My quiet colleague seems to have completely misunderstood the rather confusing original instructions, and so he prepared entirely the wrong report.

    物静かな同僚は、かなり紛らわしい元の指示を完全に誤解したようで、それで全く間違った報告書を準備した。

  • Despite their early confident promises, the contractors appear to have seriously underestimated both the true cost and the realistic timeline of the project.

    初期の自信に満ちた約束にもかかわらず、請負業者たちはプロジェクトの真のコストと現実的な工期の両方を深刻に過小評価していたように見える。

💡Tip · 覚えるコツ

seem to have pp (準1級 鉄板) ━ ★ seem は現在・内容は過去のとき完了不定詞 to have pp ★ It seems that S made = S seems to have made ━ 時制ずれを完了不定詞で吸収。否定の位置 ★ seem not to have pp (〜しなかったようだ) ≠ does not seem to have pp (したとは思えない)。受動 ★ seem to have been pp (〜されたようだ)。raising 仲間 happen / turn out / prove も同型 (turn out to have been a mistake)。

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