問 1
He said that he （ ） very tired after the long business trip.
- be
- is
- being
- was
say + that + S + V (時制の後退)
said + (that) + 主語 + 過去形 = 「〜と言った」。報告動詞が過去形なら、that 節の動詞も 1時制後退。
"He said that he ~ very tired after the long business trip" は時制の後退 (is → was) = 「was」。時制の後退ルール (Backshift): ★ 現在形 → 過去形 (am/is/are → was/were) ★ 過去形 → 過去完了 (was/were → had been) ★ will → would, can → could, may → might, must → had to。例: ★ 直接: "I am tired." ★ 間接: He said (that) he was tired.準2級プラスのポイント: 報告動詞が過去形なら、that 節は1時制後退、that は省略可。
「is」
= 現在形 ━ 報告動詞 (said) が過去形なので時制の後退で was。
「be」
= 原形 ━ 時制が必要、原形は不可。
「being」
= 現在分詞 ━ 活用していない、be 動詞の過去形 was が必要。
| 形 | マーカー | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| 現在 → 過去 | am/is/are → was/were | He is tired → He was tired. |
| 過去 → 過去完了 | was/were → had been | He was tired → He had been tired. |
| will → would | 未来 → 未来過去 | I will go → I would go. |
| can → could | 助動詞の後退 | I can swim → He said I could swim. |
| 文型 | 形 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| 肯定 (現在 → 過去) | S + said + (that) + S + 過去形 | He said he was busy. |
| 肯定 (過去 → 過去完了) | S + said + (that) + S + had + pp | He said he had eaten. |
| 否定 | S + said + (that) + S + wasn't/didn't ~ | He said he didn't know. |
He said that he was very tired after the long business trip.
彼は長い出張後とても疲れていると言った。
She said that she would visit us next weekend.
彼女は来週末私たちを訪ねると言った (will → would)。
They said that they had already finished their homework.
彼らはすでに宿題を終えたと言った (have → had)。
My mother told me that she loved my new haircut.
母は私の新しい髪型が好きだと言った。
The teacher said that he would be late for tomorrow's class.
先生は明日の授業に遅れると言った。
- 時制の後退 (準2級プラス頻出最重要ルール)
★ 報告動詞が 過去形 なら that 節も1時制後退 ★ 普遍的な真理は時制後退しないことも (He said the earth is round.) ━ 例外を覚える
- say vs tell
★ say + (that) + S + V (人なし) ★ tell + 人 + (that) + S + V (人必須) ━ "He said that ~" / "He told me that ~"、本試験頻出の区別
- that は省略可
★ He said (that) he was busy ━ 口語ではほぼ省略、書き言葉では入れる